Health Disparities. Healthy People 2020 defines a health disparity as a “particular type of health difference that is closely linked with social, economic, and/or environmental disadvantage. Health disparities adversely affect groups of people who have systematically experienced greater obstacles to health based on their racial or ethnic group; religion; socioeconomic status; gender; age; mental health; cognitive, sensory, or physical disability; sexual orientation or gender identity; geographic location; or other characteristics historically linked to discrimination or exclusion.”
Health Disparities. Recipients must show evidence that they are integrating the access and functional needs of at-risk and vulnerable population(s) as indicated in their planning. Recipients must describe the structure or processes in place to integrate the access and functional needs of at-risk individuals, including but not limited to children, pregnant women, minorities and other diverse populations with a disproportionate burden of disease and disability, older adults, people with disabilities, persons from underserved populations, and people with limited English proficiency and non-English speaking populations. Strategies to integrate the access and functional needs of at-risk individuals involve inclusion in public health, health care, and behavioral health response strategies; furthermore, these strategies must be identified and addressed in operational work plans. Recipients and subrecipients are encouraged to identify community partners with established relationships with diverse at-risk populations, such as social services organizations, and to use demographic tools such as the Social Vulnerability Index and the U.S. Census/American Community Survey to better anticipate the potential access and functional needs of at-risk community members before, during, and after an emergency.
Health Disparities. Applicants should have a plan in place to be inclusive of populations that may be directly impacted or have increased risk for various PHEs, including but not limited to populations with disabilities; non-English speaking populations; lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) populations; people with limited health literacy; immunocompromised persons; and/or populations that may otherwise be overlooked by the program.
Health Disparities. A substantial body of scientific literature documents racial/ethnic and low-income population differences in risk factors and exposures for behavioral, environmen- tal, and other factors related to cancer disparities. This includes cigarette and smokeless tobacco use, alcohol con- sumption, diet and physical activity, and occupational and environmental exposures. (See chapters 5, 6, and 8.) Disparities in health care access, utilization, and deliv- ery are well established.11 Access to, and delivery of, quality health care and differences in cancer screening and follow-up, as well as disparities in cancer treat- ment,12 palliative care, and pain management13 are all factors related to racial/ethnic and geographic dispari- ties in cancer rates. These health care factors may result in differences in cancer prognosis, stage, survival, mor- tality, and recurrence for minorities and the poor. Health care delivery disparities have resulted in impor- tant national discussions as a result of a recent Institute of Medicine report.14 This report concludes that minorities, particularly African Americans, frequently receive lower quality of health care than whites, even when access-related factors are controlled.15,16,17,18 The sources of these disparities are complex and likely developed within the context of historic inequities, bias, clinical uncertainty, mistrust, personal behavior, and the organization and operation of the current U.S. health care system.19 Disparities may occur in risk factors, exposures, and access and use of quality cancer services, which may result in higher cancer morbidity or incidence rates. Disparities in access to quality cancer and health care services may produce racial/ethnic differences in cancer outcomes, such as higher mortality or lower survival rates from certain cancers. This has been well-docu- mented for African Americans compared to whites.20,21,22 Data from the American Cancer Society, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National Cancer Institute (NCI) Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program, and North American Association of Central Cancer Registries document the existence of disparities in cancer incidence, mortality, and survival among different racial/ethnic groups, particular- ly for African Americans. Table 3.1 highlights cancer dis- parities among blacks and whites in incidence, mortality, and survival for select cancers in the United States. From 1992 to 1999, African Americans were at ...
Health Disparities. Recently, there has been attention on the health disparities surrounding epilepsy and epilepsy care. The incidence of epilepsy has been shown to be higher in African Americans, compared to Caucasians, and mortality from epilepsy is significantly higher among non-Caucasians in the United States (Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxxxxx, 2003; Xxxxxxx, Haut, Lipton, Xxxxx, Xxxxxxxxx, & Xxxxxxx, 2006). While the disease, itself, may be the cause of these health disparities, socioeconomic factors, such as decreased financial resources, contribute to poor epilepsy care (Paschal, Ablah, Xxxxx-Xxxx, Xxxxxxxx, & Xxxx, 2005). Another important health disparity lies in the area of medication adherence. African Americans with epilepsy have been shown to have more resistance to using prescription drugs, as well as having poorer medication adherence, when compared to Caucasians (Xxxxxxxx & Xxxx, 2011; Xxxxx & Xxxxxxx, 1999). There are also important sociodemographic health disparities surrounding patients with epilepsy in terms of frequency of care visits, as well as where patients receive care (Xxxxxx, Xxxx, Xxxxxxxx, Lairson, Xxxxxxxx, Newmark, & Xxxx, 2009). With respect to hospital care, a study by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention indicated that the rate of hospitalization for minority race/ethnic groups was higher than whites, however the rate of specialist and regular physician visits was significantly lower (CDC, 1995). This difference in the standards of epilepsy care means that African Americans are more likely to be diagnosed in an emergency room and other nonspecialized settings, which increases their chances of receiving suboptimal care (Xxxxxx et al., 2009; Xxxx, Xxxxx, Xxxxxxx, Xxxxxxx, VanCott, Xxxxxx, & Xxxx, 2009) Theoretical Model The PRECEDE-PROCEED model (PPM) of health program planning provides a framework for health program planning and evaluation aimed at behavior change (Xxxxxxx & Barclay, 2009). The PPM framework uses a series of diagnostic steps for health program planning (phases 1-3) that lead to implementation and evaluation (phases 4-8). Figure 1 is a diagram representing the general theory behind the PPM. This study will focus on the first three phases, specifically phase 3, to describe health program planning, and it will inform future studies for implementation and evaluation.
Health Disparities. Differences in health outcomes and their determinants among segments of the population as defined by social, demographic, environmental, or geographic category. Health Equity: Striving for the highest possible standard of health for all people and giving special attention to the needs of those at greatest risk of poor health, based on social conditions. Health Inequities: Systematic, unfair, and avoidable differences in health outcomes and their determinants between segments of the population, such as by socioeconomic status (SES), demographics, or geography. Healthy People 2020: National health objectives aimed at improving the health of all Americans by encouraging collaboration across sectors, guiding people toward making informed health decisions, and measuring the effects of prevention activities.
Health Disparities. The Grantee shall:
Health Disparities. Particular types of health differences that are closely linked with social or economic disadvantage.
Health Disparities. Awardees must show evidence that they are integrating the access and functional needs of at-risk and vulnerable population(s) as indicated in their planning. Awardees must describe the structure or processes in place to integrate the access and functional needs of at-risk individuals, including butnot limited to children, pregnant women, older adults, people with disabilities, and people with limited English proficiency and non-English speaking populations. Strategies to integrate the access and functional needs of at-risk individuals involve inclusion in public health, health care, and behavioral health response strategies; furthermore, these strategies are identified and addressed in operational work plans. Awardees, subawardees, and HCCs are encouraged to identify community partners with established relationships with diverse at-risk populations, such as social services organizations, and to use demographic tools such as the Social Vulnerability Index and the U.S. Census/American Community Survey to better anticipate the potential access and functional needs of at-risk communitymembers before, during, and after an emergency. Applicants must also ensure inclusive planning with tribes. Applicants must also ensure inclusive planning with tribes.
Health Disparities. Native American youth already face significant health disparities, and cannabis use can exacerbate these issues.
