Flagella-Independent Motility Sample Clauses

Flagella-Independent Motility. The use of type-IV pili (T4P) is responsible for a form of motility known as twitching which is used by a variety of bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (96). The length of T4P is dynamic, and they can be found at one or both cell poles. T4P extend by polymerization and retract by depolymerization. The rapid extension and retraction of T4P is the underlying mechanism for twitching motility; it allows for forward and backward movement of cells and colony expansion up to 1 μm/s (44, 97, 98). The jerky motion associated with this form of motility is the result of groups of twitching cells making contact then rapidly realigning. Twitching motility can result in outward expansion of colonies under nutrient rich conditions. In contrast, other bacteria utilizing twitching motility under nutrient-limiting conditions will form fruiting bodies as cells come together (96). Gliding is a mysterious form of motility where the long axis of the cell propels bacteria across surfaces in the absence of a visible organelle. It has been observed in organisms from the cyanobacteria and Cytophaga-Flavobacterium groups and in Myxococcus xanthus, where it is known as adventurous motility (99). Colony edges of gliding bacteria appear similar to swarming or twitching bacteria, but the mechanism for gliding is currently unknown. Cells may use secreted polysaccharides for propulsion (100). Alternatively, proteins in the cytoplasm act may act as a motor to induce movement of cell surface adhesions (101) or cells may contract fibrils in the cell wall for mobility (102). Sliding is the passive expansion of a colony across surfaces driven surfactant production in conjunction with the force of cell division. This form of migration is passive as groups of cells oriented in different directions expand as a single unit. It has been observed in many bacteria, from Vibrio cholerae to Mycobacterium smegmatis, and is a common mechanism for bacterial translocation across surfaces (103, 104).
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