{"component": "clause", "props": {"groups": [{"snippet_links": [{"key": "previous-studies", "type": "clause", "offset": [9, 25]}, {"key": "the-platform", "type": "clause", "offset": [277, 289]}, {"key": "calculate-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [367, 380]}, {"key": "capture-system", "type": "definition", "offset": [561, 575]}, {"key": "an-object", "type": "definition", "offset": [862, 871]}, {"key": "typically-a", "type": "definition", "offset": [873, 884]}, {"key": "data-collection", "type": "clause", "offset": [976, 991]}, {"key": "data-analysis", "type": "definition", "offset": [1183, 1196]}, {"key": "visual-assessment", "type": "clause", "offset": [1328, 1345]}, {"key": "correlation-coefficient", "type": "definition", "offset": [1900, 1923]}, {"key": "each-participant", "type": "clause", "offset": [2055, 2071]}, {"key": "standard-deviation", "type": "definition", "offset": [2308, 2326]}, {"key": "limits-of-agreement", "type": "clause", "offset": [2353, 2372]}, {"key": "variation-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [2420, 2432]}, {"key": "data-processing", "type": "definition", "offset": [2581, 2596]}, {"key": "statistical-procedures", "type": "clause", "offset": [2667, 2689]}, {"key": "the-standard", "type": "clause", "offset": [3139, 3151]}, {"key": "substantial-portion", "type": "definition", "offset": [4049, 4068]}, {"key": "calculated-variable", "type": "definition", "offset": [4219, 4238]}, {"key": "source-of", "type": "definition", "offset": [4777, 4786]}, {"key": "agreement-between", "type": "clause", "offset": [5263, 5280]}], "snippet": "93 As in previous studies (3, 14), participants stood barefoot on two laboratory-grade force plates \u2587\u2587 (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587-\u2587\u2587\u2587-\u2587-\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587). The force plates were mounted onto a custom 95 translation platform; however, analyses here considered only periods during which the platform was 96 stationary. Force and moment data were sampled at 1080 Hz and used to calculate the locations of the 97 center of pressure beneath each foot using calibration values supplied with the plates (15-17). Kinematic 98 data were collected at 120 Hz using a Vicon motion capture system (Centennial, CO, USA) and a 25- 99 marker set including reflective markers placed on the left and right heels. Average foot CoP locations and 100 heel marker positions were calculated over the first 250 ms of each trial. 101 Stance width was controlled by requesting participants press an object (typically a book) between the 102 medial surfaces of their feet, which was subsequently removed before data collection (\u224887% of trials), or 103 by manipulating participant\u2019s feet so that kinematic markers on the heels were aligned in the mediolateral 104 direction with tape marks on the floor (\u224813%). 105 2.3 DATA ANALYSIS 106 Stance width measurements derived from CoP and kinematic data were plotted against each other and 107 examined visually. After visual assessment of outliers, trials were excluded due to: 1) tension in a ceiling- 108 mounted fall arrest tether interfering with CoP calculation (17 trials in one participant), and 2) absent 109 video records preventing trial review (2 trials in one participant). After applying exclusions, 1363 trials 110 (41 \u2013 161 per participant) were available for analysis. Stance widths were expressed in mm and 111 normalized to inter-ASIS distance. 112 Following \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 and \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (10), correlation between the two measurements was assessed with the 113 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 product-moment correlation coefficient r. Differences between methods were calculated for each 114 trial and averaged across trials into a single difference value di for each participant. Mean values across 115 methods were calculated for each trial and averaged into a single mean value mi for each participant. Bias 116 between the two methods was quantified as the mean difference d (CoP \u2013 kinematic method) and the 117 standard deviation of the differences s. The limits of agreement were calculated as the range d\u20132s to d+2s. 118 Variation of differences di across groups was assessed with one-way ANOVA. Associations between 119 differences di and mean values mi were assessed with r (12). Data processing was performed in Matlab 120 (r2016b, The Mathworks, Natick, MA, USA). Statistical procedures were performed in SAS Studio (3.5, \u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587, USA) and considered significant at P = 0.05. 122 3. Results 123 Stance widths measured from kinematic data varied between 75 \u2013 348 mm, corresponding to 24.9 \u2013 124 154.1% of inter-ASIS distance. CoP and kinematic stance width measurements are presented in Figure 125 1A. The two measures were strongly correlated (r = 0.98). The mean difference d between methods was 126 48 mm, and the standard deviation of the differences (s) was 17 mm. Differences di did not vary across 127 groups (F2,12=1.81, P<0.21). The limits of agreement, defined as the range d\u20132s to d+2s (10), was 14\u201383 128 mm. A \u201c\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587-\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 plot\u201d of the differences between the two methods di against their means mi is 129 presented in Figure 1B. di and mi were significantly negatively correlated (r = \u20130.59, P<0.02). 130 4. Discussion 131 Stance width is an important variable in many studies of parkinsonian (4, 5) and neurotypical (18, 19) 132 posture and balance. We found that stance width estimates from foot CoP and kinematic markers were 133 strongly linearly correlated, and that on average, measures of stance width derived from CoP were 48 mm 134 wider than those derived from kinematic markers. This bias that can be explained by the externally- 135 rotated \u201ctoe out\u201d posture used by most participants, in which a substantial portion of the foot plantar 136 surface lies lateral to the posterior face of the heel. Overall, these results suggest that foot CoP location, a 137 commonly calculated variable in clinical biomechanics studies (5, 7, 8) can be used to approximate stance 138 width in healthy aging and in individuals with PD in the ON and OFF medication states. 139 We noted that differences between methods were non-negligible \u2013 ranging from 14 to 83 mm. 140 However, this precision is adequate to discriminate between nominal stance widths used in the literature, 141 which are typically separated by 100 mm or more (4, 18). Due to the high precision of CoP calculation 142 with laboratory force plates (2-5 mm (17)), the primary source of variability in differences is probably 143 trial-to-trial variability in weight distribution, rather than instrumentation error. 144 There are two notable limitations to this approach. First, differences between methods were highest at 145 the narrow stance widths preferred by PD subjects, a fact that should be considered carefully during study 146 design. Second, because these participants were allowed to adopt a comfortable \u201ctoe out\u201d orientation 147 during testing, the agreement between the methods in experimental paradigms in which foot orientation is 148 enforced (e.g., parallel (4); 20\u00b0 (18)) remains to be established.", "samples": [{"hash": "gFDmvmPXAOf", "uri": "/contracts/gFDmvmPXAOf#experiment", "label": "Research Article", "score": 19.620807666, "published": true}, {"hash": "bTe0eJtUr5f", "uri": "/contracts/bTe0eJtUr5f#experiment", "label": "Research Article", "score": 19.620807666, "published": true}, {"hash": "28csosiur3d", "uri": "/contracts/28csosiur3d#experiment", "label": "Research Article", "score": 19.620807666, "published": true}], "size": 6, "hash": "c76004ba86040ebde2fb943570db76db", "id": 1}, {"snippet_links": [], "snippet": "2 Experiment 3", "samples": [{"hash": "gcnKt9lM6Bp", "uri": "/contracts/gcnKt9lM6Bp#experiment", "label": "Peer Reviewed Article", "score": 21.2539356605, "published": true}, {"hash": "gF2TSj1K9m", "uri": "/contracts/gF2TSj1K9m#experiment", "label": "Peer Reviewed Article", "score": 21.2539356605, "published": true}, {"hash": "afqbvCzrqE9", "uri": "/contracts/afqbvCzrqE9#experiment", "label": "Peer Reviewed Article", "score": 21.2539356605, "published": true}], "size": 4, "hash": "8c8fd87609379abea68723c586979f9d", "id": 2}, {"snippet_links": [{"key": "emission-data", "type": "definition", "offset": [10, 23]}, {"key": "exposed-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [329, 339]}, {"key": "after-transfer", "type": "clause", "offset": [526, 540]}, {"key": "very-low", "type": "clause", "offset": [658, 666]}, {"key": "room-temperature", "type": "clause", "offset": [888, 904]}, {"key": "the-\u2587", "type": "clause", "offset": [1410, 1415]}, {"key": "based-on", "type": "clause", "offset": [1573, 1581]}, {"key": "results-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [1847, 1861]}, {"key": "intermediate-value", "type": "definition", "offset": [1890, 1908]}, {"key": "at-the-end-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [1977, 1994]}, {"key": "the-electronic", "type": "clause", "offset": [2089, 2103]}, {"key": "in-the-study", "type": "clause", "offset": [2120, 2132]}, {"key": "calculated-values", "type": "clause", "offset": [2161, 2178]}, {"key": "the-hole", "type": "clause", "offset": [3038, 3046]}], "snippet": "The photo-emission data were obtained at the Swedish synchrotron radiation facility MAX-lab using the surface end station of the I511 undulator \u00d7 beamline49. The samples were prepared in a local molecular beam epitaxy system and were transferred to the photo-emission station in a portable ultrahigh vacuum chamber without being exposed to the atmosphere. The Mn concentrations were determined during growth by means of reflection high-energy electron diffraction oscillations, as described earlier50. Survey spectra recorded after transfer showed contamination-free surfaces, and low-energy electron diffraction showed (1 2) \u00d7 \u00d7 surface reconstruction. For very low Mn concentration (0.1%), the fractional spots of GaAs(100) c(4 4) were still present, but clearly stretched along the /100S azimuths, reflecting a transition for (1 2) pattern. All spectra presented here were obtained at room temperature from as-grown samples, that is, samples not subjected to postgrowth annealing. After the photo-emission experiment, the magnetic properties were measured ex situ in a SQUID setup. The sample with 6% Mn showed ferromagnetic behaviour below 55 K, whereas none of the other samples showed long-range order above 5 K.\u200c\u200c scheme was applied to explicitly treat the local Coulomb interaction between the localized Mn-3d electrons. The 4-index rotationally invariant Coulomb interaction matrix was generated from the \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 parameters F0, F2 and F4. The choice of the average Coulomb repulsion F0, which corresponds to the \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 U, is rather problematic, as no calculations based on constrained LDA or random phase approximation (RPA) methods are found in the literature. Therefore, we have considered values between 4 and 7 eV, which are the accepted strengths of the Coulomb repulsion for bulk metallic g-Mn (ref. 48) and MnO (ref. 45). The main results of the paper are presented for the intermediate value U 6 eV, whereas results for smaller and larger values are discussed at the end of the Results section. F2 and F4 are easier to evaluate and therefore were calculated directly from the electronic density as done in the study by \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u00a8m et al.45. The calculated values correspond to the average Hund\u2019s exchange parameter JC1 eV. The LDA DMFT results for J 0.8 eV, shown in Fig. 4, were based on F 2 and F4 obtained by means = = + of fixed atomic ratios41,42. + = The effective impurity problem arising in LDA DMFT has been solved through exact diagonalization method, as described in the study by Thunstro\u00a8m et al.45 The fermionic bath interacting with the atomic impurity has been approximated by means of 22 auxiliary bath spin-orbitals: 18 bath states were coupled to the strongly hybridizing Mn t2g states, whereas only 4 bath states were coupled to the weakly hybridizing Mn eg states. All the calculations have been made for the paramagnetic phase at T 400 K and using 1,200 fermionic Matsubara frequencies, and double-counting problem has been considered in the fully localized limit41,42. Finally, in the calculation of the hole densities, we have considered only the atoms included in one supercell and their multiplicity, consistently with our physical modelling and previous literature38. References", "samples": [{"hash": "k3XERhWdPGH", "uri": "/contracts/k3XERhWdPGH#experiment", "label": "End User Agreement", "score": 19.0, "published": true}, {"hash": "k2ffOlIjkCs", "uri": "/contracts/k2ffOlIjkCs#experiment", "label": "End User Agreement", "score": 19.0, "published": true}, {"hash": "6oqLLVB0hgp", "uri": "/contracts/6oqLLVB0hgp#experiment", "label": "End User Agreement", "score": 19.0, "published": true}], "size": 3, "hash": "c2b24a977d564bccd878b794a5024a65", "id": 3}, {"snippet_links": [{"key": "experimental-setup", "type": "clause", "offset": [291, 309]}, {"key": "length-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [315, 324]}, {"key": "the-transmission", "type": "clause", "offset": [386, 402]}, {"key": "in-order-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [1039, 1050]}, {"key": "a-limited", "type": "clause", "offset": [1108, 1117]}, {"key": "the-position", "type": "clause", "offset": [1328, 1340]}, {"key": "the-value", "type": "clause", "offset": [1535, 1544]}], "snippet": "Our folded optical resonator (Fig. 5.1) consists of three highly reflective mirrors (nominal specification R > 99.995%). The folding angle is 90\u25e6, the radii of curvature of mirror M1 and MF are 1 m, mirror M2 is planar, and all mirrors have a diameter of 2.5 cm. Fig. 5.2 shows the complete experimental setup. The length of arm A2 is 1.2 cm, the length of arm A1 is variable. We probe the transmission of the resonator with a beam at a wavelength of 532 nm, produced \u223c by a frequency-doubled single-mode Nd:YAG laser. The beam is sent to the resonator via lens L1, enters the cavity through mirror M1 (here the beam diameter is 0.5 mm) and excites the Hermite-Gaussian modes of the cavity. The focal length of lens L1 equals distance A3, so that the (dotted) beam is injected parallel to the optical axis, independent of the rotation- angle of mirror M3. This allows us to vary \u0394r, the off-axis position of injection on mirror M1, \u223c \u223c independent of the angle of injection. We inject in the xz-principal plane or in the y-principal plane in order to excite only 1-dimensional TEMm0 or TEM0m modes. Exciting a limited set of modes makes labelling of the modes easier and allows us to measure closer to degeneracy. The spectrum is obtained from the spatially integrated throughput as a function of the cavity length, by scanning the position of mirror M1 with a piezo-element. Judging from these spectra, we estimate the finesse of the cavity as 5600 for low-order modes and 5000 for high-order modes. This is considerably smaller than the value of the finesse allowed by the mirror reflectivities (> 99.995%). We attribute this discrepancy mainly to scattering due to polishing errors of the mirrors.", "samples": [{"hash": "52M8EkwGqsW", "uri": "/contracts/52M8EkwGqsW#experiment", "label": "PHD Thesis", "score": 19.0, "published": true}, {"hash": "1WsKwSQYClH", "uri": "/contracts/1WsKwSQYClH#experiment", "label": "PHD Thesis", "score": 19.0, "published": true}], "size": 3, "hash": "ca22db8f9397dd746e6266facf42b05e", "id": 4}, {"snippet_links": [{"key": "determine-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [4, 17]}, {"key": "the-experiment", "type": "clause", "offset": [138, 152]}, {"key": "the-standard", "type": "clause", "offset": [183, 195]}], "snippet": "(a) Determine the water equivalent of the bomb calorimeter with benzoic acid.\n(b) Determine the heats of combustion of anthracene. Repeat the experiment if necessary. Hence calculate the standard enthalpy of formation and compare with the literature values.", "samples": [{"hash": "1K6INS0sNVK", "uri": "/contracts/1K6INS0sNVK#experiment", "label": "Laboratory Manual", "score": 33.0645946268, "published": true}, {"hash": "5ZwRe2s25sv", "uri": "/contracts/5ZwRe2s25sv#experiment", "label": "Chemical Laboratory Safety Agreement", "score": 24.8959616701, "published": true}], "size": 2, "hash": "6ff9b4cee4b66f31c509d239261b5475", "id": 5}, {"snippet_links": [{"key": "implementing-agreement", "type": "clause", "offset": [302, 324]}, {"key": "types-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [789, 797]}, {"key": "other-properties", "type": "definition", "offset": [827, 843]}, {"key": "to-ensure", "type": "clause", "offset": [947, 956]}], "snippet": "4: people, cattle, AND police IN AMERICAN ENGLISH. Because we inten- tionally omitted from experiment 3 any collectives that American speakers reliably treat as plurals, we cannot yet claim with complete confidence that British and American speakers engage in the same basic linguistic operations when implementing agreement. If they do, Americans should also be susceptible to attraction from plural collectives. In experiment 4 we tested this hypothesis on American speakers. For this purpose we called on the miniscule inventory of collectives that most native speakers of American English know and treat categorically as plural. There are in fact only three of them, the collectives people, cattle, and police. These were usedas attrac- tors in the experimental items, along with five types of controls designed to explore other properties potentially relevant to the occurrence of attraction. Among other things, the array of controls helped to ensure that the anticipated few cases of attraction after people, cattle, and police were not chance occurrences.", "samples": [{"hash": "8EjCg2bU3O", "uri": "/contracts/8EjCg2bU3O#experiment", "label": "Research Paper", "score": 19.0, "published": true}, {"hash": "2LSjl7HvcU7", "uri": "/contracts/2LSjl7HvcU7#experiment", "label": "Research Paper", "score": 19.0, "published": true}], "size": 2, "hash": "772682b32879081552b61b30036e457b", "id": 6}, {"snippet_links": [{"key": "in-order-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [2, 13]}, {"key": "terms-of-inclusion", "type": "clause", "offset": [64, 82]}, {"key": "group-status", "type": "definition", "offset": [93, 105]}, {"key": "group-members", "type": "clause", "offset": [157, 170]}, {"key": "measures-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [190, 201]}, {"key": "in-relation-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [250, 264]}, {"key": "the-group", "type": "clause", "offset": [265, 274]}, {"key": "representations-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [297, 319]}, {"key": "see-\u2587", "type": "clause", "offset": [351, 356]}, {"key": "having-a", "type": "definition", "offset": [696, 704]}, {"key": "refer-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [1405, 1413]}, {"key": "in-press", "type": "definition", "offset": [1492, 1500]}, {"key": "the-word", "type": "definition", "offset": [2550, 2558]}, {"key": "related-words", "type": "clause", "offset": [2707, 2720]}, {"key": "be-visible", "type": "clause", "offset": [3125, 3135]}, {"key": "basis-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [3651, 3659]}, {"key": "an-e", "type": "clause", "offset": [3903, 3907]}, {"key": "reports-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [4195, 4205]}, {"key": "other-important", "type": "definition", "offset": [4567, 4582]}, {"key": "not-included", "type": "clause", "offset": [4612, 4624]}], "snippet": "5 In order to gain more insight in people\u2019s self-perceptions in terms of inclusion and intra-group status as a result of the respect they receive from other group members, we introduced two measures to assess the cognitive representation of the self in relation to the group. We developed graphic representations of the self in relation to the group (see \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, & \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 1992), as these are considered to be less susceptible to strategic self-presentational concerns that might lead people to deny low status or e>clusion from the group (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, & \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 1992; \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 & \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 1998). We predicted that people who are respected by others in the group would perceive themselves as having a more central position within the group (i.e., perceive themselves as more included in the group), whereas people who are disrespected by others in the group were predicted to perceive themselves as more distant from other group members. Likewise, as a result of higher levels of respect from others in the group, we predicted that people would perceive themselves as having more intra-group status. By contrast, when people are disrespected by others in the group, this is predicted to result in the perception of the self as having less intra-group status. Notably, although to some e>tent these measures of inclusion and intra-group status may covary (Tyler & \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2000, 2003), they essentially refer to different aspects of one\u2019s standing vis-\u00e0-vis the group (\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 et al., in press). For instance, someone who is highly respected in the group can perceive the self as having high intra-group status but also as being different from other group members and hence feel less included (Jetten, Branscombe, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, & \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2003; \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, & Branscombe, 1995). Because the implications of differences in respect in relation to people\u2019s self- perceptions of inclusion and status have not been investigated, we chose to manipulate three levels of intra-group respect. This enabled us to e>plicitly separate the effects of levels of respect (high vs. average vs. \u2587\u2587\u2587) from the effects of having a position that is more (average respect) or less (high respect and low respect) representative for the group. To e>amine the cognitive accessibility of justice and fairness concerns, we employed a word-fragment completion task (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 & \u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, in press; \u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 et al., 2002). Such tasks are commonly used as unobtrusive measures of cognitive accessibility (e.g., \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587-Chai, & \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2001; \u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 et al., 2002). In the word-fragment completion task, participants were presented with incomplete Dutch words that could be completed either as fairness-related or nonfairness-related words (see Karremans & \u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, in press; \u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 et al, 2002). In line with our argument, it is predicted that intra-group respect received from others in the group will induce psychological engagement with the group. As a consequence, this will increase people\u2019s interest in the relation with the group and the other group members and makes them more concerned with justice and fairness, which should be visible in an enhanced cognitive accessibility of the justice and fairness construct. By contrast, being disrespected by others in the group is predicted to evoke psychological disengagement from the group, causing people to become less concerned with their relation with the group and the other group members which results in attaching less importance to justice and fairness, consequently rendering justice and fairness concerns less cognitively accessible. In the present research, we chose to manipulate respect on the basis of self- reported behavioral episodes (see Branscombe et al., 2002; Ellemers, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, & \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 2004; \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 et al., 2004a, 2004b; \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, Ellemers, & \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, in press). Although for reasons of e>perimental control participants were assigned to an e>perimental group, we aimed to induce differential respect in such a way that participants would not dispose or disregard the respect manipulation as too situation-specific, not personally relevant, or artificial. In an attempt to attain this objective, we referred to participants\u2019 self-reports of their own previous behavior in groups. We used two dimensions of group-relevant behavior (i.e. individual achievements and cooperation) to manipulate respect (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 et al., 2004a, 2004b), which intend to capture the range of relevant behaviors people may show in a group (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 & \u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, 1994), so that it becomes less easy to imagine that there are other important aspects of behavior that are not included in the respect manipulation. Participants and design A total of one-hundred and one students of Leiden University (mean age:", "samples": [{"hash": "goZdHNX9U2", "uri": "/contracts/goZdHNX9U2#experiment", "label": "Doctoral Thesis", "score": 19.0, "published": true}, {"hash": "87cba6MgdeA", "uri": "/contracts/87cba6MgdeA#experiment", "label": "Doctoral Thesis", "score": 19.0, "published": true}], "size": 2, "hash": "8d1674a1d524e1009951f78629704286", "id": 7}, {"snippet_links": [{"key": "data-analysis", "type": "definition", "offset": [0, 13]}, {"key": "report-writing", "type": "clause", "offset": [83, 97]}, {"key": "other-activities", "type": "clause", "offset": [168, 184]}], "snippet": "Data analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4/. . . ./. . . . . / . . . REPORT WRITING Report writing and final defence. . . . . 4/. . . ./. . . . . / . . . other activities that can be specified TOTAL 26/36 . ./. .", "samples": [{"hash": "6Or0Lm2Swgh", "uri": "/contracts/6Or0Lm2Swgh#experiment", "label": "Master Thesis Agreement", "score": 31.0854778663, "published": true}, {"hash": "9HLhAPBhtUa", "uri": "/contracts/9HLhAPBhtUa#experiment", "label": "Master Thesis Agreement", "score": 29.7085819735, "published": true}], "size": 2, "hash": "85861fa5d0775f881f513d413fb3666b", "id": 8}, {"snippet_links": [{"key": "case-studies", "type": "definition", "offset": [13, 25]}, {"key": "for-example", "type": "definition", "offset": [96, 107]}, {"key": "new-products", "type": "definition", "offset": [188, 200]}, {"key": "marketing-research", "type": "definition", "offset": [217, 235]}, {"key": "survey-results", "type": "clause", "offset": [242, 256]}, {"key": "the-function", "type": "clause", "offset": [342, 354]}, {"key": "the-product", "type": "clause", "offset": [358, 369]}, {"key": "misleading-information", "type": "clause", "offset": [475, 497]}, {"key": "starting-point", "type": "clause", "offset": [539, 553]}, {"key": "marketing-strategies", "type": "clause", "offset": [568, 588]}, {"key": "for-a-non", "type": "clause", "offset": [589, 598]}, {"key": "this-chapter", "type": "definition", "offset": [621, 633]}, {"key": "decision-making", "type": "definition", "offset": [680, 695]}, {"key": "other-conditions", "type": "definition", "offset": [937, 953]}, {"key": "required-participants", "type": "definition", "offset": [979, 1000]}, {"key": "the-method", "type": "definition", "offset": [1121, 1131]}, {"key": "randomly-selected", "type": "definition", "offset": [1253, 1270]}, {"key": "ratio-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [1363, 1371]}, {"key": "the-non", "type": "clause", "offset": [1516, 1523]}], "snippet": "Survey-based case studies are widely used for designing strategies in marketing science(5; 10). For example, firms often use surveys to find out the most profitable price before launching new products. In traditional marketing research, most survey results are Markovian since respondents typically receive time-invariant information such as the function of the product or its price before making their decisions. How- ever, we argue that firms may receive imprecise or even misleading information if the Markovian result is chosen as the starting point for designing marketing strategies for a non-Markovian process. In this chapter, we explore non-Markovian effects in consumer decision making and show large differences between Markovian and non-Markovian results. We conducted three independent surveys. Each of them contained two sample groups, one for testing Markovian effects and the other for testing non-Markovian effects with other conditions being equal. This survey required participants to complete a questionnaire and indicate whether they would purchase the product or not. The following sections discuss the method in more detail.\n2.1 Participants 2, 253 sophomores and juniors from three different universities in Shanghai(China) were randomly selected as the sample of this study. All respondents in the sample were aged between 19 and 23. The ratio of male and female in the sample was approximately 1 : 1. For each survey, we collected 751 valid answers, 375 for the Markovian group and 375 for the non-Markovian group. Both groups shared the result of the first respondent.\n2.2 Procedure", "samples": [{"hash": "vwzHUwBulN", "uri": "/contracts/vwzHUwBulN#experiment", "label": "Distribution Agreement", "score": 17.8704828905, "published": true}], "size": 1, "hash": "dfb547db20d87e8b827010047c57ef85", "id": 9}, {"snippet_links": [{"key": "the-experiment", "type": "clause", "offset": [0, 14]}, {"key": "the-university", "type": "definition", "offset": [64, 78]}, {"key": "a-\u2587", "type": "clause", "offset": [100, 103]}, {"key": "more-details", "type": "clause", "offset": [755, 767]}, {"key": "rate-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [824, 831]}, {"key": "created-by", "type": "definition", "offset": [979, 989]}, {"key": "in-order-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [1618, 1629]}, {"key": "correction-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [2215, 2228]}, {"key": "field-of", "type": "definition", "offset": [2386, 2394]}, {"key": "impact-position", "type": "definition", "offset": [2514, 2529]}, {"key": "based-on", "type": "clause", "offset": [2858, 2866]}, {"key": "accuracy-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [2897, 2912]}], "snippet": "The experiment was performed at the Institut fu\u00a8r Kernphysik at the University of Frank- furt using a \u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 accelerator and the well established cold target recoil ion momen- tum spectroscopy technique (COLTRIMS) to measure the momentum vectors of all charged fragments created in the reaction [16] in coincidence. A 1 MeV proton beam from the accel- erator (defining the z-direction of the laboratory coordinate frame) was collimated using a set of variable slits with an opening of 0.5 \u00d7 1 mm2 (x \u00d7 y). At 3.8 m downstream a second set of slits with an opening of 0.5 \u00d7 1.5 mm2 was placed. An oscillating electric field (\u2248150 V/cm), applied on a 30 \u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 set of deflector plates 1 m behind the first collimation was used to chop the beam (for more details see [17]) into buckets of 1 ns length at a repeti- tion rate of 2 MHz. The projectile beam was crossed at right angle with a supersonic He gas jet (defining the y-direction of the coordinate frame). The jet was created by expand- ing precooled (40 K) He gas with a stagnation pressure of 2 bar through a 30 \u00b5m nozzle, resulting in a speed ratio larger than 100, a target density of 2 \u00d7 1011 atoms/cm2 and a jet diameter of 1.5 mm at the intersection region. Accordingly, a momentum resolution in expansion direction of \u2206Kp,y=0.1 a.u. could be achieved. Ions and electrons created in the intersection volume of the projectile and target beam are accelerated by a weak electric field (in x-direction) of E = 6.8 V/cm towards two position- and time-sensitive detectors. The electron arm of the spectrometer was employed in a time-focusing geometry [18] in order to increase the momentum resolution. To reduce the diminishing influence of the extended intersection volume on the experimental resolution even further, the ion side of the spec- trometer was designed as a time- and space-focusing geometry (see [19\u201321]). More details on this set-up can be found in [22, 23]. The charged fragments were detected using multi- channel plate (MCP) detectors with delay line anodes for position read out [24]. Hexagonal anodes [25] were used with diameters of 120 mm (electrons) and 40 mm (ions), respectively. The hexagonal approach allows for an automatic correction of nonlinearity effects, resulting in a dramatic improvement of the overall linearity and local position resolution to values of 100 \u00b5m (FWHM). A weak magnetic field of 7.5 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 was superimposed parallelly to the electric field to guide the electrons towards the detector [26]. From the impact position on the detectors, the time of flight [TOF(He+)=18 \u00b5s], the spectrometer geometry and the val- ues of the E\u2192 -/B\u2192 -fields, the momentum vectors of electron and ion have been derived. While the projectile momentum vector has not been measured directly, the excellent momentum resolution of the electron and ion allows deducing it based on momentum conservation. As the accuracy of the angular distributions presented later is extremely sensitive on the exact calibration of the setup, we discuss this procedure in the following in more detail.", "samples": [{"hash": "9HDc061kwiD", "uri": "/contracts/9HDc061kwiD#experiment", "label": "Research Agreement", "score": 22.685512464, "published": true}], "size": 1, "hash": "cd291f648bac8e2e64e021585d82ee9f", "id": 10}], "next_curs": "ClMSTWoVc35sYXdpbnNpZGVyY29udHJhY3Rzci8LEhZDbGF1c2VTbmlwcGV0R3JvdXBfdjU2IhNleHBlcmltZW50IzAwMDAwMDBhDKIBAmVuGAAgAA==", "clause": {"parents": [["definitions", "DEFINITIONS"], ["discussion", "DISCUSSION"], ["appendix", "Appendix"], ["evaluation-procedures", "Evaluation Procedures"], ["agreement-concerning-equitable-adjustment-for-unique-integration-hardware-and-services", "AGREEMENT CONCERNING EQUITABLE ADJUSTMENT FOR UNIQUE INTEGRATION          HARDWARE AND SERVICES"]], "title": "Experiment", "children": [["", ""], ["results", "RESULTS"], ["method", "METHOD"], ["converging-corpus-analyses", "CONVERGING CORPUS ANALYSES"], ["discussion", "DISCUSSION"]], "size": 63, "id": "experiment", "related": [["study", "Study", "Study"], ["studies", "Studies", "Studies"], ["development-work", "Development Work", "Development Work"], ["clinical", "Clinical", "Clinical"], ["research", "Research", "Research"]], "related_snippets": [], "updated": "2025-07-07T12:37:39+00:00", "also_ask": [], "drafting_tip": null, "explanation": "The \"Experiment\" clause defines the terms under which parties may conduct trials, pilots, or tests of products, services, or processes before full-scale implementation. Typically, this clause outlines the scope, duration, and objectives of the experimental phase, as well as any limitations on use, confidentiality, or liability during the experiment. Its core practical function is to allow parties to assess feasibility and performance in a controlled manner, thereby reducing risk and clarifying expectations before making larger commitments."}, "json": true, "cursor": ""}}