Economies of Scale. The Board considered whether there are economies of scale with respect to the management of the Fund and whether the Fund benefits from any economies of scale. The Board noted that the Fund’s investment management fee schedule includes fee breakpoints. The Board concluded that the Fund’s fee schedule represents an appropriate sharing between the Fund and DIMA of such economies of scale as may exist in the management of the Fund at current asset levels.
Economies of Scale. Each Borrower acknowledges that it, together with each other Borrower, make up a related organization of various entities constituting a single economic and business enterprise and sharing a substantial identity of interests such that, without limitation, Borrowers render services to or for the benefit of each other, purchase or sell and supply goods to or from or for the benefit of each other, make loans, advances and provide other financial accommodations to or for the benefit of each other (including the payment of creditors and guarantees of Indebtedness), provide administrative, marketing, payroll and management services to or for the benefit of each other; have centralized accounting, common officers and directors; and are in certain circumstances are identified to creditors as a single economic and business enterprise. Accordingly, and without limitation, any credit or other financial accommodation extended to any one Borrower pursuant hereto will result in direct and substantial economic benefit to each other Borrower, and each Borrower will likewise benefit from the economies of scale associated with Borrowers, as a group, applying for credit or other financial accommodations pursuant hereto on a collective basis.
Economies of Scale. The Board considered whether there are economies of scale with respect to the management of the Portfolio and the Fund and whether the Portfolio and the Fund benefit from any economies of scale. In this regard, the Board observed that while the Portfolio’s and the Fund’s current investment management fee schedule does not include breakpoints, the Portfolio’s and the Fund’s fee schedule represents an appropriate sharing between the Portfolio and the Fund and DIMA of such economies of scale as may exist in the management of the Portfolio and the Fund at current asset levels. Other Benefits to DIMA and NTI and Their Affiliates. The Board also considered the character and amount of other incidental or “fall-out” benefits received by XXXX and NTI and their affiliates, including any fees received by XXXX for administrative services provided to the Portfolio and to the Fund, any fees received by an affiliate of DIMA for transfer agency services provided to the Fund and any fees received by an affiliate of DIMA for distribution services. The Board also considered benefits to DIMA related to brokerage and soft-dollar allocations, including allocating brokerage to pay for research generated by parties other than the executing broker dealers, which pertain primarily to funds investing in equity securities. In addition, the Board considered the incidental public relations benefits to DIMA related to DWS Funds advertising and cross-selling opportunities among DIMA products and services. The Board considered these benefits in reaching its conclusion that the Portfolio’s and the Fund’s management fees were reasonable.
Economies of Scale. The Board considered whether there are economies of scale with respect to the management of the Fund and whether the Fund benefits from any economies of scale. The Board noted that the Fund’s investment management fee schedule includes fee breakpoints. The Board concluded that the Fund’s fee schedule represents an appropriate sharing between the Fund and DIMA of such economies of scale as may exist in the management of the Fund at current asset levels. Other Benefits to DIMA and NTI and Their Affiliates. The Board also considered the character and amount of other incidental or “fall-out” benefits received by XXXX and NTI and their affiliates, including any fees received by XXXX for administrative services provided to the Fund, any fees received by an affiliate of DIMA for transfer agency services provided to the Fund and any fees received by an affiliate of DIMA for distribution services. The Board also considered benefits to DIMA related to brokerage and soft-dollar allocations, including allocating brokerage to pay for research generated by parties other than the executing broker dealers, which pertain primarily to funds investing in equity securities. In addition, the Board considered the incidental public relations benefits to DIMA related to DWS Funds advertising and cross- 32 | DWS Equity 500 Index VIP selling opportunities among DIMA products and services. The Board considered these benefits in reaching its conclusion that the Fund’s management fees were reasonable.
Economies of Scale. The Board considered whether there are economies of scale with respect to the management of the Portfolio and the Fund and whether the Portfolio and the Fund benefit from any economies of scale. In this regard, the Board observed that while the Portfolio’s and the Fund’s current investment management fee schedule does not include breakpoints, the Portfolio’s and the Fund’s fee schedule represents an appropriate sharing between the Portfolio and the Fund and DIMA of such economies of scale as may exist in the management of the Portfolio and the Fund at current asset levels. Other Benefits to DIMA and NTI and Their Affiliates. The Board also considered the character and amount of other incidental or “fall-out” benefits received by XXXX and NTI and their affiliates, including any fees received by DIMA for administrative services provided to the Portfolio and to the Fund and any fees received by an affiliate of DIMA for transfer agency services provided to the Fund. The Board also considered benefits to DIMA related to brokerage and soft-dollar allocations, including allocating brokerage to pay for research generated by parties other than the executing broker dealers, which pertain primarily to funds investing in equity securities. In addition, the Board considered the incidental public relations benefits to DIMA related to DWS Funds advertising and cross-selling opportunities among DIMA products and services. The Board considered these benefits in reaching its conclusion that the Portfolio’s and the Fund’s management fees were reasonable.
Economies of Scale. The Board considered information regarding economies of scale, including whether economies of scale may exist with respect to the Portfolio and whether the Portfolio’s proposed expense structure would permit any economies of scale to be appropriately shared with the Portfolio’s shareholders. The Board also considered a report from New York Life Investments, previously prepared at the request of the Board, that addressed economies of scale, including with respect to the mutual fund business generally, and the various ways in which the benefits of economies of scale may be shared with the funds in the MainStay Group of Funds. Although the Board recognized the difficulty of determining economies of scale with precision, the Board acknowledged that economies of scale may be shared with the Portfolio in a number of ways, including, for example, through the imposition of fee breakpoints, initially setting management fee rates at scale or making additional investments to enhance the services to be provided to the Portfolio. Based on this information, the Board concluded that economies of scale are appropriately shared for the benefit of the Portfolio’s shareholders through the Portfolio’s proposed expense structure and other methods to share benefits from economies of scale.
Economies of Scale. The integration will allow for greater exploitation of economies of scale, given the complementary nature of both entities, also leading to a clear improvement in efficiency ratios.
Economies of Scale. The Board considered information regarding economies of scale, including whether economies of scale may exist for the Portfolio and whether the Portfolio’s proposed expense structure would permit any economies of scale to be appropriately shared with the Portfolio’s beneficial shareholders. The Board also considered the various ways in which the benefits of economies of scale may be shared with the Portfolio. Based on this information, the Board concluded that economies of scale are appropriately shared for the benefit of the Portfolio’s beneficial shareholders through the Portfolio’s proposed expense structure and other methods to share benefits from economies of scale.
Economies of Scale. The cause of economies of scale is mainly the existence of high fixed costs that are independent of the output volume (costs of infrastructure, of R&D, etc.). As output increases, fixed costs are shared by a larger number of units that induces a decrease of the average cost. There are other causes of increasing returns to scale, such as organisational elements, since specialisation, reengineering of production processes and the use of sophisticated means of financing are not feasible beyond a minimum size of production. The crucial result of economies of scale is that marginal cost is always lower than the average cost.
Economies of Scale transferring more than County tonnage results in lower marginal costs for each extra ton. Theoretically, the operation becomes more economically feasible and profitable.
