{"component": "clause", "props": {"groups": [{"snippet": "4 CHAPTER II REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE............... 25 CONDITIONS OF WORK................... 41 CHAPTER IV PROCEDURES EMPLOYED IN THIS STUDY 53 FINDINGS.................... 67 RECOMMENDATIONS 100 APPENDICES 104 GLOSSARY 110a BIBLIOGRAPHY Ill VITA 120 SCHOOL DISTRICTS ....................... 56 REPRESENTATION 64 EXPERIENCE 68 EXPERIENCE 69 AND NPNA DISTRICTS ..................... 70 PNA AND NPNA DISTRICTS 71 MASTER'S DEGREE, AND OVERALLAVERAGE 72 VIII AVERAGE SALARY: PNA v s NPNA - BACHELOR'S DEGREE 0-5 YEARS TEACHING EXPERIENCE 73", "samples": [{"hash": "dU3s1Mt9kTv", "uri": "/contracts/dU3s1Mt9kTv#chapter-i-introduction", "label": "Professional Negotiations Agreements", "score": 35.7410969717, "published": true}, {"hash": "h6avP8en4tk", "uri": "/contracts/h6avP8en4tk#chapter-i-introduction", "label": "Professional Negotiations Agreements", "score": 35.7246891952, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "chapter-ii", "type": "definition", "offset": [2, 12]}, {"key": "review-of-the-literature", "type": "clause", "offset": [13, 37]}, {"key": "conditions-of-work", "type": "clause", "offset": [56, 74]}, {"key": "chapter-iv", "type": "definition", "offset": [97, 107]}, {"key": "school-districts", "type": "definition", "offset": [252, 268]}, {"key": "average-salary", "type": "clause", "offset": [456, 470]}, {"key": "teaching-experience", "type": "clause", "offset": [515, 534]}], "size": 2, "hash": "aa8c0af463b3585a5395252603aff963", "id": 1}, {"snippet": "Background of the Problem", "samples": [{"hash": "dqdl4jXixiN", "uri": "/contracts/dqdl4jXixiN#chapter-i-introduction", "label": "Thesis Agreement", "score": 25.1984941821, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "the-problem", "type": "clause", "offset": [14, 25]}], "size": 2, "hash": "44ee9599ece60963860eb1bcc8ba56ad", "id": 2}, {"snippet": "The Feather River watershed includes 3,222 square miles of land base that drains west from the Great Basin Escarpment of the northern Sierra Nevada and southern Cascade mountains into the Sacramento River. The Feather River is unique in that the North and Middle Forks bisect the crest of the Sierra. Elevations range from 2,250 to over 10,000 feet. Annual precipitation ranges from less than 12\u201d on the eastside, to more than 70\u201d on the western slopes. Vegetation ranges from sage and eastside pine in the east, to mixed conifer and deciduous forests in the west. Water produced from the Feather River provides over 4,000 MW of hydroelectric power, and represents a significant component of the State Water Project, annually providing 3.2 million acre-feet for urban, industrial, and agricultural consumers downstream. This monitoring report covers a portion of the upper Feather River watershed: from the North Fork headwater areas down to the confluence of the North Fork Feather with the East Branch North Fork Feather; all of the East Branch North Fork Feather River; and from the Middle Fork headwater areas down to \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 Point (see Figure 1). National Forest lands cover a significant part of the upper Feather River watershed. Public, as well as private forestlands, contribute to a timber-based local economy in the upper Feather. Cattle ranching is another important economic activity, and is conducted primarily in active or terraced floodplains on both public and private land. There is also light industry in the area, and roughly 25,000 residents. The upper Feather River watershed also provides habitat to numerous species that are federally Endangered or Threatened, as well as other species of special concern. The Feather River has been impacted by 140 years of intense human use, including mining, grazing, timber harvesting, railroads and roads. Wildfires have also had an impact on the watershed. Intense use and natural processes have led to a watershed-wide problem of channel entrenchment. Five-hundred square miles of alluvial systems in the headwaters areas are particularly impacted by entrenchment. Functionally, this has led to higher peak winter flows, and lower summer flows, which, in turn affects water quality, aquatic and riparian habitats, productivity of adjacent lands, and downstream beneficial uses.", "samples": [{"hash": "8WFZ9alXPHp", "uri": "/contracts/8WFZ9alXPHp#chapter-i-introduction", "label": "SWRCB Agreement", "score": 17.0, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "river-watershed", "type": "definition", "offset": [12, 27]}, {"key": "great-basin", "type": "definition", "offset": [95, 106]}, {"key": "the-western", "type": "clause", "offset": [434, 445]}, {"key": "hydroelectric-power", "type": "definition", "offset": [629, 648]}, {"key": "significant-component", "type": "definition", "offset": [667, 688]}, {"key": "state-water-project", "type": "definition", "offset": [696, 715]}, {"key": "monitoring-report", "type": "definition", "offset": [825, 842]}, {"key": "a-portion", "type": "definition", "offset": [850, 859]}, {"key": "north-fork", "type": "definition", "offset": [907, 917]}, {"key": "figure-1", "type": "definition", "offset": [1140, 1148]}, {"key": "forest-lands", "type": "definition", "offset": [1160, 1172]}, {"key": "significant-part", "type": "definition", "offset": [1181, 1197]}, {"key": "local-economy", "type": "definition", "offset": [1305, 1318]}, {"key": "economic-activity", "type": "definition", "offset": [1378, 1395]}, {"key": "private-land", "type": "clause", "offset": [1477, 1489]}, {"key": "light-industry", "type": "definition", "offset": [1505, 1519]}, {"key": "the-area", "type": "clause", "offset": [1523, 1531]}, {"key": "endangered-or-threatened", "type": "definition", "offset": [1658, 1682]}, {"key": "species-of-special-concern", "type": "definition", "offset": [1701, 1727]}, {"key": "human-use", "type": "clause", "offset": [1789, 1798]}, {"key": "timber-harvesting", "type": "definition", "offset": [1827, 1844]}, {"key": "water-quality", "type": "clause", "offset": [2231, 2244]}, {"key": "adjacent-lands", "type": "clause", "offset": [2293, 2307]}, {"key": "beneficial-uses", "type": "definition", "offset": [2324, 2339]}], "size": 1, "hash": "2eca20165bd8cfbe797b0691670b6534", "id": 3}, {"snippet": "Statement of the Problem", "samples": [{"hash": "fbQldWyc7xH", "uri": "/contracts/fbQldWyc7xH#chapter-i-introduction", "label": "Distribution Agreement", "score": 23.2802271943, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "statement-of-the-problem", "type": "clause", "offset": [0, 24]}], "size": 1, "hash": "a4438fb6e8d33fe455df7b10a94bff7c", "id": 4}, {"snippet": "1.1 Background of the Research..................................................................... 1 1.2 Problem of the Research........................................................................... 3 1.3 Objective of the Reserach......................................................................... 4 1.4 Operational Definition in Terms............................................................... 4 1.5 Significances of The Research.................................................................. 5 1.6 The Scope of the Research........................................................................ 6", "samples": [{"hash": "dIvOzKKdFdW", "uri": "/contracts/dIvOzKKdFdW#chapter-i-introduction", "label": "Thesis", "score": 21.0821355236, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "the-research", "type": "clause", "offset": [18, 30]}, {"key": "in-terms", "type": "clause", "offset": [339, 347]}, {"key": "scope-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [523, 535]}], "size": 1, "hash": "5b0a08e08a4ef96693368ca41303db1c", "id": 5}, {"snippet": "A note on terminology: We recognize there are many different terminologies that people may prefer to use to refer to themselves and their health conditions. Throughout this thesis we use the term \u201cdisability,\u201d to refer to a health condition that has met the definition of disability as defined by The Americans With Disability Act: \u201ca physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities; a record of such an impairment; or being regarded as having such an impairment\u201d (ADA, 2010). The recruitment methods of this study and the eligibility criteria of using the term disability allowed for a broader definition of disability, rather than specifying health or impairment conditions. This means that participants in this study may or may not have sought accommodations or treatment for their condition.", "samples": [{"hash": "9ecjnJ2CUKD", "uri": "/contracts/9ecjnJ2CUKD#chapter-i-introduction", "label": "Distribution Agreement", "score": 33.1219790805, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "a-note", "type": "clause", "offset": [0, 6]}, {"key": "refer-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [108, 116]}, {"key": "health-conditions", "type": "clause", "offset": [138, 155]}, {"key": "the-term", "type": "clause", "offset": [187, 195]}, {"key": "definition-of-disability", "type": "clause", "offset": [258, 282]}, {"key": "americans-with-disability-act", "type": "clause", "offset": [301, 330]}, {"key": "a-physical-or-mental-impairment", "type": "definition", "offset": [333, 364]}, {"key": "substantially-limits", "type": "definition", "offset": [370, 390]}, {"key": "major-life-activities", "type": "definition", "offset": [403, 424]}, {"key": "record-of-such-an-impairment", "type": "definition", "offset": [428, 456]}, {"key": "regarded-as-having-such-an-impairment", "type": "definition", "offset": [467, 504]}, {"key": "recruitment-methods", "type": "clause", "offset": [523, 542]}, {"key": "eligibility-criteria", "type": "definition", "offset": [565, 585]}, {"key": "term-disability", "type": "clause", "offset": [599, 614]}], "size": 1, "hash": "2c037ff593631de193c9a79a2510128d", "id": 6}, {"snippet": "Research Background 1", "samples": [{"hash": "hevcRd0YqGO", "uri": "/contracts/hevcRd0YqGO#chapter-i-introduction", "label": "Not Applicable", "score": 20.6682274252, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "background-1", "type": "clause", "offset": [9, 21]}], "size": 1, "hash": "4af0146f4f7051493adb948ead819015", "id": 7}, {"snippet": "A. Background 1 B. Problem Formulation 10 C. Research Objectives 11", "samples": [{"hash": "4j4Ty5NFhZW", "uri": "/contracts/4j4Ty5NFhZW#chapter-i-introduction", "label": "Public Private Partnership Agreement", "score": 25.6555562884, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "background-1", "type": "clause", "offset": [3, 15]}, {"key": "problem-formulation", "type": "clause", "offset": [19, 38]}, {"key": "research-objectives", "type": "clause", "offset": [45, 64]}], "size": 1, "hash": "e184528886b4694a5a0ae5b14d11b4b1", "id": 8}, {"snippet": "The state practice of India in contemporary world affairs and international law is one of the best means to evaluate and understand India\u2019s current and future policy and practical position on various issues which directly or indirectly impact its stature as a growing global and regional power. Countries like the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), Germany, Australia, Japan and the Netherlands provide, on a regular basis, updates on views and practices of their governments in public international law, through official documents as well as by writings of leading scholars of international law. This research study attempts to provide an in-depth analysis of actions of the Indian state by its executive, legislative and judicial organs in select areas of international law. These are law of the sea, refugee law, human rights, international environmental law and climate change, disarmament (a case study of weapons of mass destruction), international institutional law (UN reforms and G-20) and peaceful settlement of international disputes (a case study of the International Court of Justice - ICJ). The study begins by examining the growth and development of international law in pre- independence India from 1500 to 1945. By examining the pre-independence state practice, the thesis seeks to enrich the existing knowledge base of the Indian state practice in international law. It shows how India has been contributing to the making of international law in line with its emerging status as a global and regional power. The study aims to enable readers to anticipate how a country like India will respond to major developments in international law. Besides it brings out reactions of other states to the Indian state practice. The study enables us to understand how the judiciary and civil society institutions have accepted or rejected the Indian practice and how have their voices constrained or prompted the country. The study further helps us to evaluate the instruments of secondary sources and hard evidence of state practice to establish the existence of international obligations. This chapter provides a theoretical analysis of state practice as an integral element of customary international law, examines India\u2019s search for making of an international law, India\u2019s views on fundamental definitions of international law and provisions of the Constitution of India which governs Indian state practice at international level.\n1.1. State practice an essential element of customary international law\n(1) of the ICJ Statute is generally recognized as a definitive statement of the sources of international law. Pursuant to this Article, the Court is required to apply, among other legal sources, international conventions \u201cexpressly recognized by the contesting states\u201d and \u201cinternational custom, as evidence of a general practice accepted as law\u201d. By analyzing the activity, programs and minute details of the state, its organs and officials, one can establish a coherent picture of the state practice. It is extremely difficult to find out a distinction between what states actually do and what they say and if different, what represents the law. State practice shall also include omissions as several rules of international law prohibit states from certain conduct and acts, and, \u201cwhen proving such a rule, it is necessary to look not only at what states do, but also at what they do not do.\u201d1 Mere 1 Does state practice consist only of what states do and not of what they say? In this regard, the dissenting opinion of Judge \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 in the Fisheries case is quite instructive. Judge \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 argued that claims made to areas of the sea by a state could not create a customary rule unless such claims were enforced against foreign ships. statements at international platforms, diplomatic correspondence, voting patterns at international conferences on a mandate mainly from the executive, do not give the entire picture. One needs to analyze national legislations2 and executive activities and programs as well as judicial pronouncements to obtain a comprehensive or correct treatment of the subject.3 State practice, in order to contribute to the customary rule, must be followed consistently, commonly and concordantly.4 As far as international law in a particular subject is concerned, if the practice is followed by all states and uniformly, such a customary rule is normally established. However, at domestic level, one can observe non-uniformity or inconsistency of state practice across various areas. The state practice in the field of economic development can hardly be considered consistent in terms of norms and procedures in the area of, for example, disarmament, human rights or humanitarian law. Within the context of a particular subject, it is useful to examine the generality of practice and see whether the emerging pattern across various subjects is uniform or inconsistent in terms of substance and procedure or not. There are instances where one can see that a rule may apply if a state has accepted the rule as applicable to it individually, or because the two states belong to a group ICJ Rep. 1951, 116, 191. However, in later Fisheries Jurisdiction cases, ten of the fourteen judges inferred the existence of customary rules from such claims, without considering whether they had been enforced. Fisheries Jurisdiction (Merit) (UK. v. Iceland), ICJ Reports, 1974, 3 at 47, 56-8, 81-8, 119-20, 135, 161. These two parallel cases dealt with the validity of the establishment by Iceland of a 50-mile exclusive fishery zone and its effect on the fishing rights of the UK and Germany which these two states had traditionally enjoyed within this zone. \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2019\u2587 Modern Introduction to International Law, 7th edition, (Routledge: 1997), p. 43. 2 \u201cNational legislation as an internal evidence of State practice, and insistence on other States acting in that way as external evidence of State practice, are surer as evidence of State practice...since customary law is based on the practice of States in their international relations, rules of law laid down by national legislatures or in national case law for the internal aspect of a State\u2019s international relations may have persuasive and indicative value, at times great.\u201d \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, The Perplexities of Modern International Law, (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587; Leiden: 2002), p. 58. 3 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, S and \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587., \u201cLiterature on Dutch State Practice in the Field of Public International Law\u201d, 39 Netherlands Yearbook of International Law, 459-881 (2008); \u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, S. S. A, \u201cLiterature on Dutch State Practice in the Field of Public International Law\u201d, 38 Netherlands YbIL (511-538) 2007; \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587., \u201cAfrican Voting in the United Nations General Assembly\u201d, 4 The Journal of Modern African Studies 2, 213-27 (1966); \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587., Vote Buying in the UN General Assembly, The Pennsylvania State University, 14 March 2011 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587://\u2587\u2587\u2587.\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587.\u2587\u2587\u2587.\u2587\u2587\u2587/dbc10/unvote13.pdf; \u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 and \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u201cThe New Politics of voting alignments in the United Nations General Assembly\u201d, 50 International Organisation 4, 629-52 (1996); \u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u201cThe United Nations Security Council and International Law\u201d, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 Memorial Lectures, 9 November 2006; \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 and \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587- \u2587\u2587\u2587, \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587, Sources of State Practice in International Law, Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers (2002). 4 The International Court of Justice, pronouncing its judgment in the North Sea Continental Shelf case, clarified two important elements in this regard. First, the Court said, \u201cto constitute the opinio juris\u2026two conditions must be fulfilled. Not only must the acts concerned amount to a settled practice, but they must also be such, or be carried out in such a way, as to be evidence of a belief that this practice is rendered obligatory by the existence of a rule of law requiring it. The need for such a belief, i.e., the existence of a subjective element, is implicit in the very notion of the opinio juris sive necessitates. The States concerned must therefore feel that they are conforming to what amounts to a legal obligation. The frequency or even habitual character of the acts is not in itself enough. There are many international acts, e.g. in the field of ceremonial and protocol, which are performed almost invariably, but which are motivated only by considerations of courtesy, convenience or tradition, and not by any sense of legal duty\u201d (North Sea Continental Shelf, Judgment, I.C.J. Reports 1969, p. 44, paras. 77\u201478). Second, the Court confirmed that \u201cAlthough the passage of only a short period of time is not necessarily, or of itself, a bar to the formation of a new rule of customary international law on the basis of what was originally a purely convention rule, an indispensable requirement would be that within the period in question, short thought it might be, State practice, including that of States whose interests are specially affected, should have been both extensive and virtually uniform in the sense of the provision invoked; - and should moreover have occurred in such a way as to show a general recognition that a rule of law or legal obligation is involved\u201d. Ibid. p. 43, para. 74. of states between which the rule applies.5 There are equally good numbers of areas where a state can deny the opposability of a rule in question by consistently demonstrating its objections.6 Except few countries, such as the UK,7 USA,8 Australia,9 Japan10 and the Netherlands,11 no systematic efforts are made,12 at least in developing countries, to analyze all sources of state practice, i.e. legislations, court decisions, correspondence, declarations, regulations, etc. which can seek to establish the state\u2019s practice and obligations under international law. Where can one find evidence of state practice? Publications of a state itself are perhaps the most important and rich area to learn its pronouncements in characterizing international law. Governments press releases, declarations, statements and other papers of foreign ministries, although not exclusively, do provide important sources of state practice. Increasingly, websites of foreign ministry and diplomatic missions also are useful sources of locating evidence of state practice. 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