Bootstrapping‌ Sample Clauses

Bootstrapping‌. Bootstrapping the system. To deploy Algorand, a com- mon genesis block must be provided to all users, along with the initial cryptographic sortition seed. The value of seed0 specified in the genesis block is decided using distributed random number generation [14], after the public keys and weights for the initial set of participants are publicly known. Bootstrapping new users. Users that join the system need to learn the current state of the system, which is defined to be the result of a chain of BA⋆ consensus outcomes. To help users catch up, Xxxxxxxx generates a certificate for ev- ery block that was agreed upon by BA⋆ (including empty blocks). The certificate is an aggregate of the votes from the last step of BinaryBA⋆() (not including the final step) that would be sufficient to allow any user to reach the same con- ⌊ · ⌋ clusion by processing these votes (i.e., there must be at least Tstep τstep + 1 votes). Importantly, the users must check the sortition hashes and proofs just like in Algorithm 6, and that all messages in the certificate are for the same Algorand round and BA⋆ step. Certificates allow new users to validate prior blocks. Users validate blocks in order, starting from the genesis block. This ensures that the user knows the correct weights for verifying sortition proofs in any given round. Users can also request a certificate proving the safety of a block; this is simply the collection of votes for the final step. Since final blocks are totally ordered, users need to check the safety of only the most recent block. One potential risk created by the use of certificates is that an adversary can provide a certificate that appears to show that BA⋆ completed after some large number of steps. This gives the adversary a chance to find a BA⋆ step number (up to MaxSteps) in which the adversary controls more than a threshold of the selected committee members (and to then create a signed certificate using their private keys). We set the committee size to be sufficiently large to ensure the attacker has negligible probability of finding such a step
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Bootstrapping‌. Bootstrapping the system. To deploy Algorand, a com- mon genesis block must be provided to all users, along with the initial cryptographic sortition seed. The value of seed0 specified in the genesis block is decided using distributed random number generation [14], after the public keys and weights for the initial set of participants are publicly known. Bootstrapping new users. Users that join the system need to learn the current state of the system, which is defined to be the result of a chain of BA⋆ consensus outcomes. To help users catch up, Algorand generates a certificate for ev- ery block that was agreed upon by BA⋆ (including empty

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