Bipartite responses Sample Clauses

Bipartite responses collective bargaining, European case law and examples of agreements40‌ As mentioned earlier, collective bargaining – at both the industry and workplace level – plays a significant role in regulating wage and working conditions in the Nordic labour markets (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2019; Ilsøe, 2012). Platform workers do not necessarily have a workplace to relate to, and are often only in touch with the platform company through an app or software systems. This obviously limits the opportunities for bargaining at the workplace level (Alsos et al., 2017). While at least 70% of workers in the Nordic countries are covered by collective agreements, there are important sector and industry variations (▇▇▇▇▇▇▇▇ et al., 2014). Industries such as cleaning, hotel, restaurant and transport experience relatively low levels of organization and collective bargaining. Thus far, platform companies have emerged in these and similar sectors with low union density or in sectors with high shares of self-employed or freelancers (Alsos et al., 2017; ▇▇▇▇▇ & ▇▇▇▇▇▇, 2020). In the most exposed industries, growth in platform work might therefore challenge the norm of a standard employee on an open-ended fulltime contract, which is the foundation for most collective bargaining in the Nordic industries (Munkholm & Schjøler 2018; Jesnes 2019). Self-employed and freelancers do not have the same access to collective bargaining as employees, due to both national systems for collective bargaining and EU/EEA competition law.41 EU/EEA competition law prohibits agreements and the like 38. ▇▇▇▇▇://▇▇▇.▇▇/uddannelse/videregaende-uddannelse/efter-og-videreuddannelse/veu-trepartsaftale 39. ▇▇▇▇▇://▇▇.▇▇/arbejdsomraader/politiske-aftaler-reformer/politiske-aftaler/2017/et-nyt-dagpengesystem- for-fremtidens-arbejdsmarked/