{"component": "clause", "props": {"groups": [{"size": 15, "snippet": "The eFAST program is the FAA\u2019s preferred small business contracting vehicle for services. This vehicle allows long term procurements for a broad array of professional and support services in an expedited, efficient and effective manner, to better serve the requirements of the FAA, and on a limited basis and when in the best interest of the Government, all other federal government agencies.", "samples": [{"hash": "dJjvwEhTps2", "uri": "/contracts/dJjvwEhTps2#background-and-objective", "label": "Master Ordering Agreement (Efast Moa)", "score": 28.6201248169, "published": true}, {"hash": "gsRLZzDbSgv", "uri": "/contracts/gsRLZzDbSgv#background-and-objective", "label": "Master Ordering Agreement (Efast Moa)", "score": 28.590013504, "published": true}, {"hash": "5TYVmukJSK1", "uri": "/contracts/5TYVmukJSK1#background-and-objective", "label": "Master Ordering Agreement (Efast Moa)", "score": 28.4668331146, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "small-business", "type": "clause", "offset": [41, 55]}, {"key": "contracting-vehicle", "type": "clause", "offset": [56, 75]}, {"key": "for-services", "type": "clause", "offset": [76, 88]}, {"key": "long-term", "type": "clause", "offset": [110, 119]}, {"key": "professional-and-support-services", "type": "clause", "offset": [154, 187]}, {"key": "requirements-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [257, 276]}, {"key": "a-limited", "type": "clause", "offset": [289, 298]}, {"key": "best-interest", "type": "clause", "offset": [321, 334]}, {"key": "the-government", "type": "definition", "offset": [338, 352]}, {"key": "federal-government-agencies", "type": "clause", "offset": [364, 391]}], "hash": "cd759e997c168dcc7f2b64452d4ecca8", "id": 1}, {"size": 6, "snippet": "Within the framework of the long-standing cooperation between the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Federal Republic of Germany, and in partial fulfillment of the MoHE and DAAD aims and objectives; as well as in consideration of the funding resources and regulations of both parties, the aforementioned parties have agreed to create the \u201cGerman Egyptian Research Long Term Scholarships\u201d (GERLS).", "samples": [{"hash": "dlKdbowCp6x", "uri": "/contracts/dlKdbowCp6x#background-and-objective", "label": "Scholarship Agreement", "score": 24.8022041321, "published": true}, {"hash": "7ij9q93J7nI", "uri": "/contracts/7ij9q93J7nI#background-and-objective", "label": "German Egyptian Research Long Term Scholarship Agreement", "score": 23.5211162567, "published": true}, {"hash": "i739NoZIDeB", "uri": "/contracts/i739NoZIDeB#background-and-objective", "label": "German Egyptian Research Long Term Scholarship Agreement", "score": 23.4708271027, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "the-framework", "type": "clause", "offset": [7, 20]}, {"key": "federal-republic-of-germany", "type": "clause", "offset": [97, 124]}, {"key": "aims-and-objectives", "type": "definition", "offset": [174, 193]}, {"key": "funding-resources", "type": "clause", "offset": [230, 247]}, {"key": "and-regulations", "type": "clause", "offset": [248, 263]}, {"key": "of-both-parties", "type": "clause", "offset": [264, 279]}, {"key": "agreed-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [313, 322]}, {"key": "long-term", "type": "clause", "offset": [360, 369]}], "hash": "d26932e64e5add84767e66b60d359e63", "id": 2}, {"size": 2, "snippet": "The objective of this Memorandum of Understanding (hereinafter \u201cAgreement\u201d) is to establish the terms and conditions under which three (3) members of the Coconino County Indigenous Peoples Advisory Council (IPAC) may be appointed by the Flagstaff City Council to serve as ex-officio, non-voting members of the City of Flagstaff Indigenous Commission (IC).", "samples": [{"hash": "2zHXxi19ffJ", "uri": "/contracts/2zHXxi19ffJ#background-and-objective", "label": "Memorandum of Understanding", "score": 24.3757705688, "published": true}, {"hash": "6gTsSo7Ko1", "uri": "/contracts/6gTsSo7Ko1#background-and-objective", "label": "Memorandum of Understanding", "score": 24.3470230103, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "memorandum-of-understanding", "type": "clause", "offset": [22, 49]}, {"key": "to-establish", "type": "clause", "offset": [79, 91]}, {"key": "conditions-under-which", "type": "clause", "offset": [106, 128]}, {"key": "members-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [139, 153]}, {"key": "indigenous-peoples", "type": "definition", "offset": [170, 188]}, {"key": "advisory-council", "type": "definition", "offset": [189, 205]}, {"key": "city-council", "type": "definition", "offset": [247, 259]}, {"key": "to-serve", "type": "definition", "offset": [260, 268]}, {"key": "voting-members", "type": "clause", "offset": [288, 302]}, {"key": "city-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [310, 317]}], "hash": "9b82a0ca5691be158bc109a5344fa9d3", "id": 3}, {"size": 2, "snippet": "Rapid measurement of potassium is crucial in the resuscitation of patients in cardiac arrest. This is often done on an arterial blood gas sample taken during resuscitation and analysed in an emergency department based blood gas analyser. No-one has assessed how accurate or reliable this is when compared with the traditional method of sending a venous sample to the laboratory for standard analysis. This study looked at the agreement between potassium measurements in arterial blood gas samples and venous blood samples in patients in cardiac arrest. Method: Arterial and venous blood samples were taken at the same time and analysed in the usual way from 50 patients in cardiac arrest. It was found that the mean difference between each pair of arterial and venous potassium measurements was low at 0.106 mmol/l. However, the standard deviation of these dif- ferences and subsequently the 95% limits of agreement were wide (21.182 mmol/l to 1.394 mmol/l)\u2014 that is, 95% of differences will lie between these limits. It is felt that these limits are too wide for safe use in clinical practice. Conclusion: Based on these results, it is advised that arterial blood gas analysers should be used with caution to measure potassium in patients in cardiac arrest. A bnormalities of potassium concentration are consid- ered reversible causes of cardiac arrest.1 Hyperkalaemia causes hyperpolarisation of the heart, bradycardia, and asystole. Hypokalaemia, especially in the setting of heart disease and digoxin toxicity, causes fatal cardiac arrhythmias. In addition, the potassium concentration in blood frequently changes during the course of a resuscitation. Just after cardiac arrest the concentration rises due to the release of potassium from underperfused cells. Then, as resuscitation gets underway, there is often a rebound fall as the circulation is restored and endogenous adrenaline and exogenous drugs take effect.2 It is, therefore, important to measure potassium as soon as possible during the course of a resuscitation. This has traditionally been done by taking a venous sample and sending it to the biochemistry laboratory for standard analysis. This, however, can take some time. Many people now prefer to measure potassium on an arterial blood gas sample in a resuscitation room based blood gas analyser. This gives a much faster result, but it is not known how accurate this is when compared with a venous measurement. In this study we aimed to determine the agreement between potassium measurements in venous and arterial blood gas samples in patients in cardiac arrest. MATERIALS AND METHODS The emergency department records of patients who presented in cardiac arrest over a 10 month period in 2001 were traced and examined. A sample size of 50 was considered appro- priate as this is the minimum sample size recommended for a method comparison study.3 Patients were selected on the basis of both their arterial blood gas and venous laboratory blood results being available. This involved searching through emergency department, medical, and laboratory records until such records for 50 patients were obtained. At our hospital during resuscitation the arterial and venous blood samples are collected from either the radial or femoral artery and a vein. The arterial sample is taken directly into a preheparinised syringe and placed immediately in the arterial blood gas analyser in the \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 Blood Gas Analyser). It takes approximately two minutes for the results to be ready. The venous sample is collected and sent to a central laboratory in the hospital, via a tube transport system, for analysis (Olympus Analyser). It takes approxi- mately 40 minutes for the results to be uploaded onto the hospital computer system or they can be obtained slightly more quickly via telephone. For the present study both sets of results were checked to make sure the dates and times of collection matched for each patient. For venous samples the time recorded was the time at which the blood samples were received by the laboratory as an emergency sample. For arterial samples the time taken was the time at which the samples were analysed by the arterial blood gas analyser. These times were checked to ensure that there was never more than 10 minutes between them and the time at which the patient was recorded as entering the resuscitation room. These three times were recorded automatically by the laboratory and by the arterial blood gas analyser, and in the nursing notes, respectively. The measurements for each patient were entered in a database for statistical analysis using Microsoft Excel for Windows (version 4.0, 1985\u20131997 Microsoft Corp, USA) and compared using methods described by \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 for assessing the agreement between two methods of clinical measure- ment.3 RESULTS Both potassium measurements for each patient are given in table 1. The arterial potassium measurements ranged between", "samples": [{"hash": "7cJ9l4P8piF", "uri": "/contracts/7cJ9l4P8piF#background-and-objective", "label": "Research Study", "score": 16.0, "published": true}, {"hash": "5okONCKzryE", "uri": "/contracts/5okONCKzryE#background-and-objective", "label": "Research Study", "score": 16.0, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "measurement-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [6, 20]}, {"key": "cardiac-arrest", "type": "definition", "offset": [78, 92]}, {"key": "emergency-department", "type": "definition", "offset": [191, 211]}, {"key": "method-of-sending", "type": "clause", "offset": [326, 343]}, {"key": "agreement-between", "type": "clause", "offset": [426, 443]}, {"key": "blood-samples", "type": "clause", "offset": [508, 521]}, {"key": "standard-deviation", "type": "definition", "offset": [829, 847]}, {"key": "limits-of-agreement", "type": "clause", "offset": [896, 915]}, {"key": "safe-use", "type": "clause", "offset": [1064, 1072]}, {"key": "clinical-practice", "type": "clause", "offset": [1076, 1093]}, {"key": "based-on", "type": "clause", "offset": [1107, 1115]}, {"key": "caution-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [1199, 1209]}, {"key": "heart-disease", "type": "definition", "offset": [1479, 1492]}, {"key": "in-addition", "type": "clause", "offset": [1549, 1560]}, {"key": "release-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [1717, 1727]}, {"key": "as-soon-as-possible", "type": "definition", "offset": [1972, 1991]}, {"key": "determine-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [2460, 2473]}, {"key": "materials-and-methods", "type": "definition", "offset": [2587, 2608]}, {"key": "department-records", "type": "definition", "offset": [2623, 2641]}, {"key": "sample-size", "type": "clause", "offset": [2745, 2756]}, {"key": "basis-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [2901, 2909]}, {"key": "laboratory-records", "type": "clause", "offset": [3060, 3078]}, {"key": "the-\u2587", "type": "clause", "offset": [3400, 3405]}, {"key": "central-laboratory", "type": "clause", "offset": [3561, 3579]}, {"key": "the-hospital", "type": "definition", "offset": [3583, 3595]}, {"key": "transport-system", "type": "definition", "offset": [3608, 3624]}, {"key": "computer-system", "type": "clause", "offset": [3744, 3759]}, {"key": "via-telephone", "type": "clause", "offset": [3806, 3819]}, {"key": "present-study", "type": "clause", "offset": [3829, 3842]}, {"key": "dates-and-times", "type": "clause", "offset": [3894, 3909]}, {"key": "time-at-which", "type": "clause", "offset": [3995, 4008]}, {"key": "received-by", "type": "definition", "offset": [4032, 4043]}, {"key": "time-taken", "type": "clause", "offset": [4108, 4118]}, {"key": "to-ensure", "type": "clause", "offset": [4228, 4237]}, {"key": "statistical-analysis", "type": "clause", "offset": [4585, 4605]}, {"key": "microsoft-excel", "type": "definition", "offset": [4612, 4627]}, {"key": "microsoft-corp", "type": "clause", "offset": [4664, 4678]}, {"key": "table-1", "type": "definition", "offset": [4874, 4881]}], "hash": "a7eb2bb18fc7f235d546d08deebb304e", "id": 4}, {"size": 2, "snippet": "OPTIMIZED will provide specified professional investment advisory services consistent with California government code section 53600 as detailed in the scope of services section below. As a fiduciary to your City, Optimized will place preservation of capital as our top priority, while ensuring appropriate levels of liquidity for day-to-day operations. We will seek to earn market yields once the first two priorities have been achieved.", "samples": [{"hash": "5MteakRmJlV", "uri": "/contracts/5MteakRmJlV#background-and-objective", "label": "Professional Services Agreement", "score": 34.0299339294, "published": true}, {"hash": "dKAki3kKdSL", "uri": "/contracts/dKAki3kKdSL#background-and-objective", "label": "Professional Services Agreement", "score": 32.5112991333, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "will-provide", "type": "clause", "offset": [10, 22]}, {"key": "investment-advisory-services", "type": "definition", "offset": [46, 74]}, {"key": "consistent-with", "type": "definition", "offset": [75, 90]}, {"key": "code-section", "type": "definition", "offset": [113, 125]}, {"key": "the-scope-of-services", "type": "clause", "offset": [147, 168]}, {"key": "a-fiduciary", "type": "definition", "offset": [187, 198]}, {"key": "preservation-of-capital", "type": "definition", "offset": [234, 257]}, {"key": "day-operations", "type": "clause", "offset": [337, 351]}], "hash": "899178db68b046532f9372201a7e53ce", "id": 5}, {"size": 2, "snippet": "In order to support its operations for 2013 and beyond, the FAA will require a broad range of comprehensive professional and support services. This professional and support services acquisition vehicle allows long term procurements for an expanded array of professional and support services to better serve the requirements of the FAA, and on a limited basis and when in the best interest of the Government, all other federal government agencies, nationwide, in an expedited efficient and effective manner. The MOA will be the FAA\u2019s preferred small business contracting vehicle for services. This is the second generation of the eFAST program.", "samples": [{"hash": "jxHWmOFtRgc", "uri": "/contracts/jxHWmOFtRgc#background-and-objective", "label": "Master Ordering Agreement", "score": 18.5715255737, "published": true}, {"hash": "cWhLeoENbbA", "uri": "/contracts/cWhLeoENbbA#background-and-objective", "label": "Master Ordering Agreement", "score": 18.5715255737, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "in-order-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [0, 11]}, {"key": "professional-and-support-services", "type": "clause", "offset": [108, 141]}, {"key": "acquisition-vehicle", "type": "definition", "offset": [182, 201]}, {"key": "long-term", "type": "clause", "offset": [209, 218]}, {"key": "requirements-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [311, 330]}, {"key": "a-limited", "type": "clause", "offset": [343, 352]}, {"key": "best-interest", "type": "clause", "offset": [375, 388]}, {"key": "the-government", "type": "definition", "offset": [392, 406]}, {"key": "federal-government-agencies", "type": "clause", "offset": [418, 445]}, {"key": "small-business", "type": "clause", "offset": [543, 557]}, {"key": "contracting-vehicle", "type": "clause", "offset": [558, 577]}, {"key": "for-services", "type": "clause", "offset": [578, 590]}], "hash": "cc11a255cd8978f09726b6b6634cc0f1", "id": 6}, {"size": 2, "snippet": "1. This data processing agreement is designed for the parties to comply with Article 28 paragraph 3 of Regulation (EU) 2016/679 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data and repealing of directive 95/46/ EC (Data Protection Regulation) which sets specific requirements for the content of a data processing agreement.\n2. This data processing agreement shall regulate the Data Processor's processing of personal information that is performed for the purpose of fulfilling the agreements entered into between the parties listed in Appendix A (hereinafter \"Information on the Treatment\").\n3. The processing of personal data by the data processor shall be done solely in accordance with the purposes and instructions set out in Appendix A.\n4. This data processing agreement takes precedence over any equivalent provisions in other agreements between the parties, including those listed in Appendix A.\n5. Appendix A of the Data Processing Contractor contains details of the treatment, including the purpose and nature of the treatment, the type of personal data, the categories of registered and duration of treatment.", "samples": [{"hash": "lme1tZ0q0IY", "uri": "/contracts/lme1tZ0q0IY#background-and-objective", "label": "Data Processing Agreement", "score": 28.4148235321, "published": true}, {"hash": "5qsatzhgwVA", "uri": "/contracts/5qsatzhgwVA#background-and-objective", "label": "Data Processing Agreement", "score": 27.9576816559, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "data-processing-agreement", "type": "definition", "offset": [8, 33]}, {"key": "designed-for", "type": "definition", "offset": [37, 49]}, {"key": "comply-with", "type": "clause", "offset": [65, 76]}, {"key": "article-28", "type": "definition", "offset": [77, 87]}, {"key": "paragraph-3", "type": "clause", "offset": [88, 99]}, {"key": "european-parliament-and-of-the-council", "type": "clause", "offset": [135, 173]}, {"key": "april-2016", "type": "clause", "offset": [180, 190]}, {"key": "protection-of-individuals", "type": "clause", "offset": [198, 223]}, {"key": "with-regard-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [224, 238]}, {"key": "the-processing-of-personal-data", "type": "clause", "offset": [239, 270]}, {"key": "free-movement", "type": "clause", "offset": [282, 295]}, {"key": "data-protection-regulation", "type": "definition", "offset": [347, 373]}, {"key": "the-content", "type": "clause", "offset": [412, 423]}, {"key": "data-processor", "type": "clause", "offset": [509, 523]}, {"key": "processing-of-personal-information", "type": "definition", "offset": [526, 560]}, {"key": "for-the-purpose-of", "type": "definition", "offset": [579, 597]}, {"key": "the-agreements", "type": "clause", "offset": [609, 623]}, {"key": "entered-into", "type": "clause", "offset": [624, 636]}, {"key": "information-on", "type": "clause", "offset": [692, 706]}, {"key": "processing-of-personal-data-by", "type": "clause", "offset": [731, 761]}, {"key": "in-accordance-with", "type": "clause", "offset": [802, 820]}, {"key": "set-out", "type": "definition", "offset": [851, 858]}, {"key": "other-agreements-between-the-parties", "type": "clause", "offset": [959, 995]}, {"key": "appendix-a-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [1038, 1055]}, {"key": "details-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [1092, 1106]}, {"key": "nature-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [1144, 1157]}, {"key": "type-of-personal-data", "type": "definition", "offset": [1173, 1194]}, {"key": "categories-of", "type": "clause", "offset": [1200, 1213]}, {"key": "duration-of-treatment", "type": "clause", "offset": [1229, 1250]}], "hash": "b2ab3421e8c6260f6857fdd0b016d046", "id": 7}, {"size": 2, "snippet": "SubLicensee is either an HAA sanctioned organization made up of Harvard alumni and non-alumni associate members residing in the same geographical region, which organization provides opportunities to remain connected to Harvard and to each other (an \u201cHAA Club\u201d) or a collection of Harvard alumni and non-alumni associates who actively engage in communicating and/or gathering around a central unifying purpose, mission, background or activity beyond class affiliation or regional proximity (an \u201cHAA Shared Interest Group\u201d or \u201cHAA SIG\u201d). HAA has licensed from Company the Company\u2019s AlumniMagnet Platform. The AlumniMagnet Platform is a technology solution which delivers: \u2022 A comprehensive web-presence; \u2022 A powerful suite of operations management and communication tools; and \u2022 Integration into the global HAA Clubs and SIGs network, including, without limitation, the provision by Licensee and SubLicensee of regular updates of Harvard Confidential Information to expand and update contact information for potential HAA Club and/or HAA SIG members. While HAA will remain as the direct client of Company, HAA desires to permit SubLicensee to create, develop and manage a Node and hereby grants to SubLicensee, subject to all of the restrictions and limitations set forth in this PGP, a limited sublicense to design, create, develop, maintain, update and modify such Node by using the Services. Any person using or accessing SubLicensee\u2019s Node shall be deemed a \u201cUser\u201d for purposes of this PGP. The purpose of the PGP is to define SubLicensee\u2019s proper usage of the Services and the AlumniMagnet Platform. All SubLicensees who wish to use the Services and technology provided by AlumniMagnet must read and agree in writing to all of the policies set forth in this PGP. Failure by SubLicensee to adhere to said policies within the PGP may result in loss of specific privileges and/or termination of SubLicensee\u2019s Node.", "samples": [{"hash": "9KOI5Wzyzb7", "uri": "/contracts/9KOI5Wzyzb7#background-and-objective", "label": "Participation Guidelines and Policies Agreement", "score": 29.1638450623, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "associate-members", "type": "definition", "offset": [94, 111]}, {"key": "geographical-region", "type": "definition", "offset": [133, 152]}, {"key": "interest-group", "type": "definition", "offset": [505, 519]}, {"key": "the-company", "type": "clause", "offset": [566, 577]}, {"key": "technology-solution", "type": "clause", "offset": [634, 653]}, {"key": "operations-management", "type": "definition", "offset": [724, 745]}, {"key": "communication-tools", "type": "definition", "offset": [750, 769]}, {"key": "the-global", "type": "definition", "offset": [794, 804]}, {"key": "without-limitation", "type": "clause", "offset": [844, 862]}, {"key": "by-licensee", "type": "clause", "offset": [878, 889]}, {"key": "regular-updates", "type": "clause", "offset": [909, 924]}, {"key": "confidential-information", "type": "clause", "offset": [936, 960]}, {"key": "update-contact-information", "type": "clause", "offset": [975, 1001]}, {"key": "subject-to", "type": "definition", "offset": [1209, 1219]}, {"key": "restrictions-and-limitations", "type": "clause", "offset": [1231, 1259]}, {"key": "limited-sublicense", "type": "clause", "offset": [1285, 1303]}, {"key": "using-the-services", "type": "clause", "offset": [1373, 1391]}, {"key": "any-person", "type": "clause", "offset": [1393, 1403]}, {"key": "for-purposes-of-this", "type": "clause", "offset": [1467, 1487]}, {"key": "purpose-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [1497, 1511]}, {"key": "usage-of-the", "type": "clause", "offset": [1550, 1562]}, {"key": "services-and", "type": "clause", "offset": [1563, 1575]}, {"key": "must-read", "type": "definition", "offset": [1689, 1698]}, {"key": "in-writing", "type": "definition", "offset": [1709, 1719]}, {"key": "the-policies", "type": "clause", "offset": [1730, 1742]}, {"key": "by-sublicensee", "type": "clause", "offset": [1774, 1788]}, {"key": "adhere-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [1792, 1801]}, {"key": "loss-of", "type": "definition", "offset": [1845, 1852]}, {"key": "termination-of", "type": "definition", "offset": [1880, 1894]}], "hash": "96606820e1c10376855818ffde76d93d", "id": 8}, {"size": 1, "snippet": "The Petra Archaeological Park, a World Heritage Site since 1985, and one of the major tourist attractions in Jordan, is also a fragile site in light of its specific geomorphology, facing a wide range of natural and geological hazards such as floods, landslides and earthquakes, which were registered as increasingly impacting the site in recent years and represent a major threat to the site and the visitors. Since 2012, the UNESCO Office in Amman has been supporting the national and local authorities in assessing, managing and mitigating natural hazards at the site through the implementation of the \"Siq Stability\" project. Against this background, the project \u201cYouth for Heritage Conservation and Risk Prevention in Petra\u201d, funded by the Government of Italy, aims to address natural hazard risks prevention and mitigation by continuing the implementation of priority landslide risk mitigation interventions in line with the studies carried out over the previous years. Within the framework of the project, the contractor, in coordination with UNESCO Amman Office and the Petra Development and Tourism Region Authority (PDTRA), will provide specialized expertise to deliver a training course in the field of safety and security at the worksite, specifically related to the nature of works foreseen in the project (rock slope stabilization and consolidation works).", "samples": [{"hash": "bK6VnrSkzs8", "uri": "/contracts/bK6VnrSkzs8#background-and-objective", "label": "Contract for Individual Consultant", "score": 23.5845317841, "published": true}], "snippet_links": [{"key": "world-heritage-site", "type": "definition", "offset": [33, 52]}, {"key": "wide-range", "type": "definition", "offset": [189, 199]}, {"key": "the-site", "type": "clause", "offset": [326, 334]}, {"key": "the-national", "type": "clause", "offset": [469, 481]}, {"key": "local-authorities", "type": "clause", "offset": [486, 503]}, {"key": "natural-hazards", "type": "definition", "offset": [542, 557]}, {"key": "the-project", "type": "clause", "offset": [654, 665]}, {"key": "heritage-conservation", "type": "definition", "offset": [677, 698]}, {"key": "by-the-government", "type": "clause", "offset": [737, 754]}, {"key": "prevention-and-mitigation", "type": "clause", "offset": [802, 827]}, {"key": "risk-mitigation", "type": "clause", "offset": [883, 898]}, {"key": "the-studies", "type": "clause", "offset": [926, 937]}, {"key": "the-framework", "type": "clause", "offset": [982, 995]}, {"key": "the-contractor", "type": "clause", "offset": [1012, 1026]}, {"key": "will-provide", "type": "clause", "offset": [1133, 1145]}, {"key": "training-course", "type": "clause", "offset": [1181, 1196]}, {"key": "field-of", "type": "definition", "offset": [1204, 1212]}, {"key": "safety-and-security", "type": "definition", "offset": [1213, 1232]}, {"key": "the-worksite", "type": "clause", "offset": [1236, 1248]}, {"key": "related-to", "type": "clause", "offset": [1263, 1273]}, {"key": "of-works", "type": "clause", "offset": [1285, 1293]}], "hash": "37a85df20d1e9ec050851c526c5ea885", "id": 9}, {"size": 1, "snippet": "The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) is actively involved, through the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA), in clean-up programs at radioactively contaminated sites. Generally, the contaminants are the naturally occurring radionuclides of uranium and the thorium decay series. Radium is often the primary contaminant of concern. The sites contaminated with radionuclides can be classified into two broad categories:\n1. Government sites which are contaminated due to defense and weapons related testing programs (\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 Atoll, Fernald, Hanford, Savannah and several others).\n2. Residential and commercial sites which are contaminated due to industrial operations (e.g., Ottawa and \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587-\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 sites in Illinois and several other CERCLA sites). The radionuclides found in the soils of DOE and DoD sites are mainly uranium, thorium and plutonium, which are present either as particulates or adsorbed onto soils. On the other hand, the uranium and thorium sites may contain the entire chain or disrupted portions. If processed thorium has not been disturbed in 20 or so years it will be present in equilibrium in its series entirety. Common associated radionuclides are Ra-226, Ra-228, Rn-222 and its decay products, and Rn-220 and its decay products. The residential and commercial sites pose an immediate pollution threat and health hazard to the environment because of their proximity to the general public. For example, a \u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587-\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587\u2587 residential area Superfund site (43 acres) is contaminated with Thorium-232 and possibly with Ra-228 (due to milling operations related to thorium and other rare earth materials which were used in the manufacture of filament coatings, polishing compounds and other products). Similarly, the soil of the Ottawa site in Illinois is contaminated with Radium-226 due to instrumentation and watch dial painting operations in the past. The purpose of this research project was to undertake a bench scale study to remove radium from the contaminated soils of the Ottawa site. The remediation method sought had to be different from the direct soil excavation and shipping method, and had to act as an alternative to soil sorting and segmented gate methods. The obvious choices were physical separation, chemical, biological and vitrification methods. The cost of soil treatment by chemical leaching and vitrification was not only cost prohibitive for the virgin soils, but produced an undesired secondary waste stream and therefore was unacceptable [1]. Intuitively, one would expect that the physical separation based volume reduction technologies (which have shown great promise and success to remediate uranium, plutonium and thorium contaminated soils of DOE and DoD sites [1-8]) should be used as a proving ground for removing the radium from soils as well. If needed, the atmospheric chloride leaching process could then be used as a finishing step to desorb the residual radium [9-10]. In that regard, the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR) has developed and demonstrated the commercial viability of these physical separation based volume reduction technologies to remove potential contaminants such as uranium, plutonium, and thorium. The studies have been done at both laboratory and field scale level [7-11]. One of the major advantages of UNR volume reduction technologies is that these technologies work as a treatment train and can be configured after characterizing the contaminant's association and distribution in soil. In the case of the Ottawa radium contaminated soil, this feature can be exploited by using a cascade of the technologies to clean the low activity areas (<20 pCi/gm); middle activity areas (greater than 20 pCi/gm but less than nanocuries/gm); and high activity areas (between nano and microcuries/gm). For example, screening and centrifugal gravity/gravomagnetic separation technology can be used to remove large particulates such as dial parts mixed with the soil; whereas, flotation technology can be used to remove radium (as radium sulfate irrespective of whether it is present either as particulate or adsorbed onto soil particles). Because of similarity in properties like barium sulfate, radium sulfate particulate can be floated using selective alkyl sulfonate as a collector in conjunction with fatty acids [12-15]. The cost of disposal of a large volume of contaminated soil in land disposal facilities (LDFs) is high. One such LDF is the Envirocare Facility which takes naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM) at a much lower cost. However, any chemical treatment applied to the soil may make the disposal cost prohibitive. The overall objective is to reduce the cost of waste disposal by reducing the volume of contaminated soil requiring disposal by application of commercially available mining technologies. The physical separation based volume reduction methods are robust, well proven, and have been used to handle a large volume of low-grade ores, which are in many ways analogous to low-level radioactively contaminated soils. We are convinced that these technologies can be used to remove radionuclides and other contaminants from soils. It is envisioned that UNR technologies will physically separate radium-contaminated Ottawa soil into the two fractions: \u00ef radium-enriched fraction; i.e., 10-20% of the original volume for disposal; \u00ef clean soil fraction greater than 80% of the original volume. 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