Breast Cancer. Benefits for Covered Services in relation to Breast Cancer are provided, including, screening and diagnosis of breast cancer, consistent with generally accepted medical practice and scientific evidence. Treatment for breast cancer includes coverage for prosthetic devices or reconstructive surgery to restore and achieve symmetry for the patient incident to a mastectomy. See “Prosthetics and Devices,” as well as “Inpatient Facility Services,” and “Preventive Services” for additional details. Cardiac Rehabilitation Therapy Please see “Therapy Services” later in this section. Chemotherapy Please see “Therapy Services” later in this section. Child Dental Services Please see “Dental Services” later in this section. Child Vision Services Please see “Vision Services” later in this section. Clinical Trials Benefits include coverage for services given to You as a participant in an approved Clinical Trial if the services are Covered Services under this Plan, including routine patient care costs. Routine patient care costs include the costs associated with the provision of health care services, including drugs, items, devices, and services that would otherwise be covered under the plan or contract if those drugs, items, devices, and services were not provided in connection with an approved clinical trial program, including: • Health care services typically provided absent a clinical trial. • Health care services required solely for the provision of the investigational drug, item, device, or service. • Health care services provided for the prevention of complications arising from the provision of the investigational drug, item, device, or service. • Health care services needed for the reasonable and necessary care arising from the provision of the investigational drug, item, device, or service, including the diagnosis or treatment of the complications. Routine patient care costs do not include the costs associated with the provision of any of the following: • Drugs or devices that have not been approved by the federal Food and Drug Administration and that are associated with the clinical trial. • Services other than health care services, such as travel, housing, companion expenses, and other nonclinical expenses, that an Enrollee may require as a result of the treatment being provided for purposes of the clinical trial. • Any item or service that is provided solely to satisfy data collection and analysis needs and that is not used in the clinical management of the pati...
Breast Cancer. Benefits for Covered Services in relation to Breast Cancer are provided, including, screening and diagnosis of breast cancer, consistent with generally accepted medical practice and scientific evidence. Treatment for breast cancer includes coverage for prosthetic devices or reconstructive surgery to restore and achieve symmetry for the patient incident to a mastectomy. See “Prosthetics and Devices,” as well as “Inpatient Facility Services,” and “Preventive Services” for additional details. Cardiac Rehabilitation Therapy Please see “Therapy Services” later in this section. Chemotherapy Please see “Therapy Services” later in this section. Child Dental Services Please see “Dental Services” later in this section. Child Vision Services Please see “Vision Services” later in this section. Chiropractic Services We cover Medically Necessary chiropractic services provided by a person properly licensed pursuant to the Chiropractic Initiative Act or the Osteopathic Initiative Act.
Breast Cancer. Goals: Reduce the incidence of breast cancer in Maryland. By 2008, reduce the proportion of late stage breast cancers diagnosed in all women and reduce the rates of late diagnosis in African-American women to that of white women. Ensure that all women who develop breast cancer are diagnosed with Stage 1 disease with <1 cm tumors. Research factors contributing to high incidence and mortality rates in Maryland and develop appropriate interventions. Ensure access to prevention, screening, treatment, and follow-up care for all Maryland residents. Preserve the Cigarette Restitution Fund (CRF) for addressing health issues in Maryland. Objective 1: Determine why Maryland has high breast cancer inci- dence and mortality rates compared to other states in the nation.
Breast Cancer. Of all cancers, breast cancer ranks first among mortality causes for Mexican women. In 2007, an average of 16.4 out of 100,000 women over 25 years did not survive breast cancer. In this case, the highest averages can be found in states with high level health care. The poor states show a low average of women dying of breast cancer (INEGI, 2009c: 65). It is not clear why the situation is so different compared to cervical uterine cancer. It could be due to a lack of screening for breast cancer. Women in these regions might die from breast cancer without knowing the real cause of their death. It is also possible that their way of life protects against breast cancer. Some factors limit the chances of having breast cancer, for example having had children, having had a first child before 30 years of age, having breast fed children, or not having used the pill too young or for long periods (WHO, 2014). Women with low socio-economic backgrounds have on average more children than women in higher social classes; they are on average younger when they have their first child; they breast feed their children for long periods; and they use less contraceptive pills. These factors could to some extent explain the lower prevalence of breast cancer in indigenous communities. It must be pointed out that in an educational context, the screening of breast cancer is not discussed as such in the SEP 6th grade natural sciences text book. It is treated in a section called ‘Un dato interesante’ (‘An interesting fact’) (SEP, 2011: 33). A better approach might be necessary to address the main mortality cause of Mexican women.
Breast Cancer. For each Product developed by LILLY for [ * ] -------------- treatment of breast cancer LILLY shall pay to MEGABIOS:
Breast Cancer. A FEMINIST PERSPECTIVE The integrity of modern medical science rests on a reputation that scientific knowledge derives from scientifically sound research and rigorous (and ethical) clinical experimentation. Scientists claim biomedicine is a value-free discipline that is led by objectivity and statistical computations. However, a close examination of the biomedical field reveals a science that is greatly influenced by outside forces and often reflects the social and political atmosphere of its time. This chapter aims to present a unique perspective to the study of women and breast cancer. A feminist lens will be used to examine how ideological discourses in social environments construct the meaning of breast cancer and women’s health. Sexism and racism that is pervasive in science will be uncovered and dissected to reveal the power structures that are involved in how women experience breast cancer. History of Women’s Health Historically, the standards of medicine are derived from standards established by white males. Early clinical studies commonly studied the experiences of white men and used their experiences as a reference point to establish medical standards and practices. Up to the 1980’s, women, minorities, and children were virtually invisible to researchers and clinicians, which reinforced a social hierarchy that placed white men at the center of focus (Xxxxxxx, 2007). The exclusion of these populations was a reflection of gender and race relations of that time. As early as the 13th and 14th centuries, women’s health was pathologized and was viewed as an inherently unhealthy and inferior deviation from the male norm (Green, 2008). Scientists set out to explore the experiences of men and very seldom explored those of women and dealt with issues in women’s health with a “hands off” attitude. When scientists did examine the bodies of women, they were interested in her sexual traits- feminine beauty, shape and size of the lips, size and shape of her breasts, size and shape of clitorises, sexual desire, fertility, and her pelvis (Green, 2008; Schiebinger, 1993). Male involvement in women’s health rarely extended beyond intervening in cases of menstrual difficulties, a few uterine conditions, and in few cases of difficult child birth (Green, 2008). Essentially, the health of women was centered on her reproductive organs. Ultimately, the size, shape, and position of the pelvis emerged as the universal measurement of womanliness (Schiebinger, 1993). For exa...
Breast Cancer. Facts and Statistics Approximately one out of every eight women in the United States will develop breast cancer in her lifetime.6 Breast cancer has a much better prognosis, or outcome, when it is detected at an earlier stage. In fact, stage at diagnosis is the strongest predictor of breast cancer survival.10 The stages of breast cancer are ranked from 0 to 4. As the number of the stage increases, so does the severity of the cancer. Stage 0 indicates a non- invasive condition with the abnormal cells confined to a small area of the breast while the stage 4 designation is given to cancer that has spread to other organs of the body.11 The lower the stage at the time of diagnosis and initiation of treatment, the more likely the patient will have a favorable treatment outcome. Breast cancer can be detected before it starts to cause symptoms through screening. Mammograms are the gold standard for screening the general population for breast cancer. The purpose of screening is to achieve earlier detection of the cancer. Given the fact that the risk factors for breast cancer are essentially beyond the control of the individual, early detection of breast cancer has traditionally been the preferred means of breast cancer prevention. It is estimated that early detection of breast cancer with mammograms can reduce mortality by 15-30%. There are several risk factors for developing breast cancer, most of which beyond the control of the individual. Not surprisingly, the main risk factor is gender. Although it is extremely rare, men can develop breast cancer. The disease is 100 times more common among women than men.12 Additionally, as women age they become at higher risk, with the most cases of breast cancer occurring in women 55 years or older. Having a family history of breast cancer is a well-known risk factor. If a first- degree relative, such as a mother, sister or daughter, has breast cancer, a woman is two times more likely to develop the disease. When a woman has two first-degree relatives with breast cancer her risk is tripled.12 Despite this substantial increase in risk, however, 85% of women who have breast cancer do not have a family history.12 In the past few decades, researchers have identified several gene mutations that are associated with hereditary breast cancer. The most common genetic defects that cause hereditary breast cancer are mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Individuals who have such mutations can have a risk of as much as 80%.12 While gene...
Breast Cancer. The majority of breast cancers begin in parts of breast tissue made up of glands for milk production, called lobules, and ducts that connect lobules to nipple. Breast cancers which originate in the ducts (ductal carcinomas) are the most common, and they are considered invasive when they spread into lobules or other surrounding tissues (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014a). Breast tumors are typically detected first as palpable masses, which most often turn out to be benign. If screening images identify the presence of a tumor, a biopsy is needed to determine a final diagnosis (American Cancer Society Inc., 2015a). In 2012, there were an estimated 224,000 new cases of invasive breast cancer in women (U.S. Cancer Statistics Working Group, 2015). Approximately 41,000 breast cancer patients died in that same year, making breast cancer the 2nd highest cause of cancer death among women (2015). A woman living in the United States has a 12.3% (1 in 8) lifetime risk of being diagnosed with breast cancer (American Cancer Society Inc., 2015a). This risk has increased over the past four decades due to longer life expectancy, changes in reproductive patterns, menopausal hormone use, rising prevalence of obesity, and increased detection through screening (American Cancer Society Inc., 2015a). Importance of Cancer Screening Cancer screening is important for early detection and prevention. A substantial portion of cancers can be prevented through the use of screening. Cancer screening refers to testing individuals who are asymptomatic for the particular disease, and it is important because early detection reduces mortality by finding cancer early, when tumors or metastases are smallest and there is the best chance for cure (Health Resources and Services Administration; National Cancer Institute, 2015a). Screening has been known to reduce mortality for cancers of the breast, colon, rectum, cervix, and lung (National Cancer Institute, 2016a). Use of screening to detect cancer early provides better opportunities for patients to obtain more effective treatment with fewer side effects (Health Resources and Services Administration; National Cancer Institute, 2015a). Patients whose cancers are found early and are treated in a timely manner are more likely to survive these cancers than those whose cancers are not found until symptoms appear (Health Resources and Services Administration; National Cancer Institute, 2015a). The USPSTF makes recommendations about preven...
Breast Cancer. Discuss Breast Cancer Awareness and make sure the patient is aware of the Breast Cancer Screening Program so that when the Practice’s patients come up for the three yearly mammograms, the patient might be more likely to attend. Provide Breast Cancer leaflets to appropriate patients.
Breast Cancer. First visit to PC* GP vs Patient (n=928) -5.9 44 24 32 0.90 (0.89, 0.91) GP vs Patient (n=1790) 1.4 24 35 41 0.94 (0.93, 0.94) Registry and Patient (n=2645) -5.9 15 38 47 0.98 (0.98, 0.98) Diagnosis Registry and GP (n=1822) -5.7 27 39 34 0.97 (0.97, 0.97) SP and Registry (n=1001) -4.9 17 61 23 0.99 (0.98, 0.99) SP and Patient (n=989) -1.0 16 49 35 0.93 (0.93, 0.94) Treatment SP and Patient (n=984) 2.4 62 15 23 0.89 (0.88, 0.90) Colorectal cancer First visit to PC* GP vs Patient (n=865) -3.2 24 20 56 0.89 (0.88, 0.91 ) GP vs Patient (n=1462) 1.7 16 30 55 0.95 (0.94,0.95) Registry and Patient (n=2133) -4.5 20 27 53 0.96 (0.96,0.96) Diagnosis Registry and GP (n=1517) -5.0 28 28 44 0.96 (0.96,0.97) SP and Registry (n=835) -5.1 19 51 30 0.96 (0.96,0.97) SP and Patient (n=813) -0.6 9 42 49 0.94 (0.93,0.95) Treatment SP and Patient (n=785) 3.2 55 19 26 0.91 (0.90, 0.92) Lung cancer First visit to PC GP vs Patient (n=669) 0.03 18 19 64 0.90 (0.88, 0.91 ) GP vs Patient (n=1024) 11.9 8 22 69 0.93 (0.92, 0.94) Registry and Patient (n=1449) 4.0 4 21 74 0.96 (0.96,0.97) Diagnosis Registry and GP (n=868) -9.9 23 25 53 0.96 (0.96,0.97) SP and Registry (n=452) -10.7 24 32 44 0.97 (0.96,0.97) SP and Patient (n=575) 7.7 5 30 65 0.93 (0.92,0.94) Treatment SP and Patient (n=509) 2.4 45 24 31 0.94 (0.93,0.95)
